40 Questions
What is a characteristic of depression that is even more prominent than sadness?
Lack of happiness
What is a criterion for Post Traumatic Stress Disorders?
The person experienced death or threatened death
What is NOT a characteristic of Post Traumatic Stress Disorders?
Positive alterations in cognitions and mood
What is the origin of the term 'schizophrenia'?
A split between the intellectual and emotional aspects of one personality
What is a criterion for a major depression?
A period of sadness lasting weeks
What is NOT a characteristic of depression?
Increased motivation
What is a criterion for Post Traumatic Stress Disorders that is not due to?
A general medical condition
What is a characteristic of depression that is often reported by people with depression?
They cannot imagine anything that would make them happy
What is the primary characteristic of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
Subjective experience of loss of control
What is the primary difference between depressive disorders and bipolar disorders?
Presence of manic episodes
What is the primary goal of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
To rid themselves of troublesome thoughts or resist performing repetitive acts
What is the characteristic of mood disorders that is not present in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
Mood swings
What is the primary emotional state of individuals with depressive disorders?
Depressed
What is the primary consequence of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) on an individual's daily life?
Impaired daily functioning
What is the primary difference between obsessive thoughts and compulsive acts?
Their nature, whether a thought or an act
What is the primary emotional state of the individual described in the personal account of depression?
Miserable
What is the primary assumption underlying the concept of deviance in abnormality?
That there is a normal range for specific aspects of psychological function
According to the 'four Ds' criteria, what is an example of dysfunctional behavior?
Hindering daily life due to thoughts and behaviors
What is the primary purpose of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10)?
To classify mental disorders
What is a characteristic of normality, according to the text?
An ability to exercise voluntary control over behavior
What is the threshold for determining abnormality in terms of psychological dysfunction?
When a person's behavior is hindering their daily life
What is the relationship between anxiety and normality?
Anxiety is only considered unhealthy when it occurs in situations that most people can handle with little difficulty
What is the significance of the 'four Ds' criteria in defining abnormality?
They are difficult to measure objectively and are influenced by social and cultural norms
What is the relationship between the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)?
They are used to classify mental disorders and correspond generally to each other
What is the primary symptom experienced by individuals with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
Constant sense of tension and dread
What is the primary characteristic of anxiety disorders in which anxiety is experienced when the individual attempts to control certain maladaptive behaviors?
Experiencing anxiety when attempting to control certain behaviors
What is the most common complaint experienced by individuals with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
All of the above
What is the primary difference between panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder?
Panic disorder is characterized by acute episodes of anxiety, while GAD is characterized by a constant sense of tension and dread
What is the primary symptom experienced by individuals with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?
Repetitive acts or thoughts
What is the primary characteristic of anxiety disorders in which anxiety is the main symptom?
Experiencing anxiety as the main symptom
What is the primary consequence of anxiety disorders?
All of the above
What is the primary difference between anxiety disorders and other mental health disorders?
Anxiety disorders are characterized by feelings of anxiety, while other mental health disorders are characterized by feelings of sadness
What is the primary factor contributing to the development of schizophrenia according to the neurodevelopmental hypothesis?
Genetics and early environment
Which of the following is a characteristic of individuals with antisocial personality disorder?
They lack a conscience and are self-centered
What is the primary difference between somatic symptom disorders and normal physical symptoms?
The level of anxiety and worry about the symptoms
What defines normal and abnormal sexual interests and behaviors?
Cultural and societal norms
What is the role of genetic factors in the development of antisocial personality disorder?
They play a significant role
What is the primary characteristic of individuals with somatic symptom disorders?
They are preoccupied with their symptoms and search for causes
What is the relationship between parents and children in the development of antisocial personality disorder?
The parents are neglectful and hostile
What is the primary distinction between illness anxiety disorder and conversion disorder?
One is characterized by anxiety, while the other is characterized by physical symptoms
Study Notes
Defining Abnormality
- The "four Ds" criteria for defining abnormality: Deviance, Distress, Dysfunctional, and Dangerous
- Each criterion is influenced by social and cultural norms and can be difficult to measure objectively
Deviance
- Defined as a deviation from the norm in a specific aspect of psychological function
- Assumes a normal range for psychological function, with those outside the range considered abnormal
Distress
- Involves feelings of anxiety, depression, or agitation, or experiences such as insomnia, loss of appetite, or numerous aches and pains
- Can be considered abnormal if it interferes with daily life
Dysfunctional
- Means that a person's thinking and/or behavior hinders their daily life, relationships, or performance at work or school
- Requires establishing a threshold to determine when psychological dysfunction is abnormal
Dangerous
- Involves a psychological condition that puts the person or others at risk of harm
- Examples include suicidal feelings or paranoid delusions that lead to physical harm to others
Normality
- Involves an appropriate perception of reality, ability to exercise voluntary control over behavior, self-esteem, ability to form affectionate relationships, and productivity
Classifying Mental Health Problems
- The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) are used to classify mental health problems
Anxiety Disorders
- Anxiety is considered unhealthy only when it occurs in situations that most people can handle with little difficulty
- Types of anxiety disorders include Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Anxiety Disorders: Symptoms
- Physiological or somatic symptoms
- Cognitive symptoms
- Behavioral symptoms
- Emotional symptoms
Mood Disorders
- Divided into depressive disorders and bipolar disorders
- Depressive disorders involve one or more periods of depression without a history of manic episodes
- Bipolar disorders involve alternating periods of depression and mania
Post Traumatic Stress Disorders
- Involves exposure to a traumatic event, such as death, serious injury, or sexual violation
- Symptoms include intrusion, avoidance, and negative alterations in cognition and mood
Schizophrenia
- Originates with nervous system impairments that develop before birth or in early childhood, due to genetics or early environment
- Involves a disconnection between the intellectual and emotional aspects of the personality
Personality Disorders
- Includes antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder
- Antisocial personality disorder involves a maladaptive and inflexible way of dealing with the environment and others
Somatic Symptom Disorders
- Involves psychological and physical symptoms, such as pain or physical symptoms without a medical explanation
- Types include illness anxiety disorder and conversion disorder
Gender Identity Disorders
- Normal and "abnormal" sexual interests and behaviors are defined and differentiated by society and culture
This quiz covers the criteria for defining abnormality in psychology, including the 'four Ds' of deviance, distress, dysfunctional, and dangerous. It also explores the challenges of measuring these criteria objectively.
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