Questions and Answers
What is the concept that Hippocrates learned from the Egyptians and is now known as somatic symptom disorder?
What was the mistaken assumption of the Egyptians and Hippocrates about hysteria?
What was the prescribed cure for hysteria in ancient times?
What eventually disproved the wandering uterus theory?
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What is General Paresis also known as?
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What led to the discovery that General Paresis was caused by Syphilis?
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What was the unusual treatment that led to the recovery of patients with General Paresis?
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Why would this type of experiment not be ethically possible today?
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What was discovered as a cure for syphilis?
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Who was the champion of the biological tradition in the United States?
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What was the focus of treatment under John P. Grey's leadership?
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What was invented by Manfred Sakel in 1927?
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What was developed in the 1950s for severe psychotic disorders?
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What helps manage delusions and hallucinations?
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What was used as sedatives?
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What type of therapy was invented by Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini?
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Which of the following is NOT a treatment for possession mentioned in the text?
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What was the name of the disease Nicholas Oresme suggested was the source of some bizarre behavior?
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What term is used in the text to describe the shared response in large-scale outbreaks of bizarre behavior?
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What is the source of the word "lunatic"?
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Which of the following is NOT a humoral theory fluid?
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According to the humoral theory, what personality trait is associated with an excess of black bile?
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Which of the following is NOT a contribution of Hippocrates to the understanding of psychological disorders?
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What is the significance of the Hippocratic Corpus?
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Which of these is NOT a stage in Freud's psychosexual development?
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What is the primary focus of self-psychology, according to Heinz Kohut?
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Which of the following is NOT associated with Carl Jung?
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What is the core principle of Carl Rogers' client-centered therapy?
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Which of these concepts is NOT related to the behavioral model?
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According to the psychoanalytic model, which part of the mind operates on the reality principle?
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What is the term for the complex that describes a child's unconscious desire for their opposite-sex parent?
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Which of these is NOT considered a defense mechanism in the psychoanalytic model?
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What does psychopathology primarily study?
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What is considered a criterion for a psychological disorder?
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Which professional is NOT typically involved in the study of psychopathology?
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What does the DSM-5 provide in relation to psychological disorders?
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Which of the following best describes a 'presenting problem' in clinical psychology?
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What is NOT a component of the definition of psychological dysfunction?
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Which of these terms is NOT synonymous with mental disorder?
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What does the etiology of a psychological disorder refer to?
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Study Notes
Understanding Abnormal Psychology
- Abnormal psychology is the study of mental disorders, symptoms, causes, and treatments, encompassing a broad range of conditions affecting mood, behavior, cognition, and perception.
Psychological Disorders
- A psychological dysfunction within an individual that is associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.
- Criteria for a psychological disorder:
- Psychological dysfunction
- Distress or impairment
- Danger
- Atypical response
- The most widely accepted definition is used in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
Trained Professionals in Psychopathology
- Clinical Psychologists
- Counseling Psychologists
- Psychiatrists
- Psychiatric Social Workers
- Marriage and Family Therapists
- Mental Health Counselors
Studying Psychological Disorders
- Clinical descriptions
- Causation (etiology)
- Treatment and outcome
Clinical Descriptions
- Presenting problem: a traditional shorthand way of indicating why the person came to the clinic.
- Medieval practice: keeping people with psychological disturbances in their own community, which was beneficial.
Historical Developments in Abnormal Psychology
- Nicholas Oresme: suggested that the disease melancholy was the source of some bizarre behavior.
- Treatments for possession: exorcism, hanging people over a pit of snakes, and dunking in ice-cold water.
- Mass hysteria: large-scale outbreaks of bizarre behavior, also referred to as mob psychology or emotion contagion.
- Paracelsus: a Swiss physician who believed that the moon and stars influenced behavior, inspiring the word "lunatic."
The Biological Tradition
- Hippocrates and Galen:
- Believed that psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease.
- Thought that psychological disorders might be caused by brain pathology, head trauma, and heredity.
- Recognized the importance of psychological and interpersonal contributions to psychopathology.
- Humoral theory:
- Blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm were thought to influence personality and behavior.
- Treatments: bleeding/bloodletting with leeches and inducing vomiting.
- Hysteria:
- Coined by Hippocrates to describe a concept learned from the Egyptians.
- Physical symptoms appear to be the result of a medical problem for which no physical cause can be found.
The 19th Century
- Syphilis: a sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial microorganism entering the brain, leading to general paresis delusions of persecution and grandeur, and progressive paralysis.
The Development of Biological Treatments
- Renewed interest in the biological origin of psychological disorders led to the development of new treatments, including electric shock and brain surgery.
- Drugs were discovered as an accident, leading to the development of insulin shock therapy and electroconvulsive therapy.
Psychoanalytic Theory
- Three major facets:
- Structure of the mind: ID, ego, and supergeo.
- Defense mechanisms.
- Psychosexual stages of development: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.
- Oedipus and Electra complexes: castration anxiety and penis envy.
Later Developments in Psychoanalytic Thought
- Anna Freud: ego psychology.
- Heinz Kohut: self-psychology.
- Object relations: the study of how children incorporate the images, memories, and values of important people in their lives.
Humanistic Theory
- Abraham Maslow: hierarchy of needs and self-actualization.
- Carl Rogers: client-centered therapy, emphasizing unconditional positive regard.
The Behavioral Model
- Ivan Pavlov: classical conditioning.
- B.F. Skinner: operant conditioning.
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Description
Study of mental disorders, symptoms, causes, and treatments, including mood, behavior, cognition, and perception. Identifying psychological dysfunctions and criteria for psychological disorders.
