Psychology Chapter on Conditioning and Reinforcement

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Questions and Answers

What type of reinforcement schedule is characterized by the delivery of reinforcement after an average time interval?

Fixed Interval Schedule

Cumulative Schedule

Variable Interval Schedule (correct)

Fixed Ratio Schedule

In a Variable Interval Schedule, how does the actual timing of reinforcement vary?

It varies depending on the individual's performance

It is consistent and predictable

It is determined by external circumstances

It varies randomly (correct)

What is the main characteristic of reinforcement in a Variable Interval Schedule?

It is given without any specific criteria

It is delivered consistently after a set number of responses

It occurs after average time intervals with variability (correct)

It is provided based on an average number of responses

Which schedule would be more effective for maintaining long-term behavior compared to a Fixed Interval Schedule?

Variable Interval Schedule Signup and view all the answers

What is the average ratio in the Variable Interval Schedule referenced in the content?

10 Signup and view all the answers

What type of response is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus?

Reflexive Response Signup and view all the answers

Which stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus after association?

Neutral Stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Which type of condition involves behaviors that are emitted voluntarily?

Operant Conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of punishment in operant conditioning?

To decrease behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an unconditioned stimulus?

Fish food Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during latent learning?

Learning that remains hidden until needed Signup and view all the answers

Which outcome is achieved through negative reinforcement?

Removal of an unpleasant stimulus Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, what does the metronome represent before conditioning?

Neutral Stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of damage to the forebrain?

Complete elimination of dreaming Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of past life regression therapy?

To understanding current psychological issues Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following theories focuses on the expectation s around hypnosis?

Socio-cognitive Theory Signup and view all the answers

What does dissociative theory emphasize in relation to hypnosis?

The separation between personality functions Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is often associated with hallucinogenic substances?

Alterations of perception Signup and view all the answers

What role do expectations play in socio-cognitive theory regarding hypnosis?

They guide hypnotic experiences. Signup and view all the answers

How does narcotics impact sleep, according to current understanding?

They relieve pain and induce sleep. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about hypnosis?

It can solve all psychological problems. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a pet owner stands in a specific spot in their room?

The pet reduces its habit of chewing on shoes. Signup and view all the answers

What is a cognitive map?

A mental representation of physical space. Signup and view all the answers

Which schedule of reinforcement provides reinforcement after a specific number of responses?

Fixed Ratio Schedule Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a behavior that may be observed due to mirror neurons?

Feeling fear when others display fear. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcement schedule varies the number of responses required for a reward?

Variable Ratio Schedule Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by scolding a pet for unwanted behavior?

It may lead to reduced behavior over time. Signup and view all the answers

What does observational learning primarily involve?

Learning by watching the behavior of others. Signup and view all the answers

Which is not a component of instinctive drift?

Observational learning from others. Signup and view all the answers

Which reinforcement schedule can result in more consistent behavior patterns over time?

Variable Ratio Schedule Signup and view all the answers

What does giving a child a gold star on homework represent?

Positive reinforcement. Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement occurs when a response is rewarded every time it occurs?

Continuous Reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is likely to be encouraged in fixed interval schedules?

Increased frequency of task completion. Signup and view all the answers

What role do mirror neurons play in learning?

They facilitate imitation of observed behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of preparing an environment for observational learning?

To allow learning through observing others. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of melatonin in relation to circadian rhythms?

Regulates sleep-wake cycles Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of sleep do hypnagogic jerks typically occur?

Stage 1 Sleep Signup and view all the answers

How much sleep do adults generally require to maintain health?

7-10 hours Signup and view all the answers

What type of brain activity characterizes Stage 2 Sleep?

Theta waves and sleep spindles Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs after 3 and 4 sleep stages?

Return to Stage 2 Sleep Signup and view all the answers

What impact does alcohol consumption have on sleep?

Suppresses deep sleep stages Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure is primarily responsible for the biological clock governing circadian rhythms?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

What describes the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming?

Dreams are a combination of random brain activity and past experiences Signup and view all the answers

What neurological phenomenon is characterized by bizarre and scrambled imagery during sleep?

Hypnagogic imagery Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of sleep involves deep sleep characterized by delta waves?

Stage 3 Sleep Signup and view all the answers

What are sleep spindles associated with in sleep stages?

Stage 2 Sleep Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of sleep disruption from jet lag?

Increased likelihood of accidents Signup and view all the answers

How much sleep do infants typically need compared to adults?

16 hours or more Signup and view all the answers

What does 'external validity' refer to in research?

The ability to apply study findings to real-world settings. Signup and view all the answers

In what context is 'internal validity' crucial?

When examining causal relationships in an experiment. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'control group' refer to in experimental design?

The group that is compared to the experimental group without receiving the intervention. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of random assignment in research?

To ensure equivalent groups and control for confounding variables. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a 'case study'?

An in-depth examination of a single individual or a small group. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'placebo effect' refer to?

The psychological effect of expecting treatment to work. Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure is responsible for regulating emotions, memory, and learning?

Amygdala Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cerebral cortex?

Processing sensory information and higher cognitive functions. Signup and view all the answers

What is 'hereditary' variability?

The percentage of trait variability attributed to genetic factors. Signup and view all the answers

Which system in the body controls involuntary actions such as heart rate and digestion?

Autonomic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What role does the thalamus play in the nervous system?

It serves as a gatekeeper for sensory information traveling to the brain. Signup and view all the answers

What is synaptic cleft?

The space between the axon terminals and dendrites. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a reflex response?

An involuntary motor action triggered by a sensory stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What concept explains that a neutral stimulus can become a conditioned stimulus through association?

Classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcement schedule involves behaviors that are reinforced after a random number of responses?

Variable ratio Signup and view all the answers

Which principle suggests that behaviors followed by rewards are likely to be repeated in the future?

Law of effect Signup and view all the answers

What is shaping in the context of behavior modification?

Reinforcing successive approximations to a target behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is fetishism as discussed in behavioral psychology?

Attraction to nonliving objects Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes cognitive maps?

Mental representations of physical spaces Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning is characterized by not being immediately observable?

Latent learning Signup and view all the answers

What does the Skinner box primarily demonstrate?

The effects of reinforcement and punishment on behavior Signup and view all the answers

What process allows organizing information into meaningful groupings to aid memory retention?

Chunking Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes proactive interference?

Influencing the recall of new information due to past learning Signup and view all the answers

What is retrograde amnesia associated with?

The loss of memories from our past Signup and view all the answers

What concept refers to the phenomenon where the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to those when it was encoded?

Encoding Specificity Signup and view all the answers

What does the serial position effect describe?

A tendency to forget items presented in the middle of a list Signup and view all the answers

What does the recency effect refer to?

The tendency to remember items presented at the end of a list Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the gradual strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity?

Long Term Potentiation Signup and view all the answers

What role do mnemonics play in memory?

They serve as memory aids to enhance recall Signup and view all the answers

Which memory phenomenon describes the inability of adults to retrieve memories from early childhood?

Infantile Amnesia Signup and view all the answers

What influences our ability to identify a stimulus quickly after encountering similar stimuli?

Priming Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes memory decay?

The gradual loss of memory over time Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for the retention and gradual strengthening of information over time?

Long Term Potentiation Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the magic number, according to George Miller?

It represents the exact number of items one can remember Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by memory illusion?

A false but compelling recollection of events Signup and view all the answers

Which process refers to organizing information in a way that deepens memory engagement?

Levels of Processing Signup and view all the answers

How does relearning contribute to memory retention?

By reinforcing previously learned information as if it were new Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a conditioned response as described in the learning process?

To strengthen or weaken behavior through consequences Signup and view all the answers

What describes the process of higher-order conditioning?

Organisms associating a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a compensatory response have on behavior?

It increases the likelihood of an opposite conditioned response Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following refers to the process by which organisms display less pronounced responses to conditioned stimuli?

Discrimination Signup and view all the answers

In the context of behavior conditioning, what role do outcomes or consequences play?

They influence the probability of behaviors occurring. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of conditioning is primarily focused on the elicitation of a conditioned response?

The association between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What outcome characterizes the response administered to compensate for unconditioned responses?

It modifies or compensates for the original behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning occurs primarily through observing the behaviors of others?

Observational learning Signup and view all the answers

What does the positivity effect refer to in psychological terms?

A tendency to remember more positive than negative information with age Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines the concept of reciprocity in relationships?

Predicting attraction through mutual giving and taking Signup and view all the answers

The internal-external theory in the context of obesity suggests that individuals may be influenced more by which of the following?

External cues rather than their internal states Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of leptin in the body?

To signal the brain to reduce appetite Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the facial feedback hypothesis is critical to its assertion?

Facial expressions can alter emotional states Signup and view all the answers

Which theory proposes a range of body mass that is ideally maintained?

Set point theory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following theories proposes that people are motivated by positive goals?

Incentive theories Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the homeostasis concept in psychology?

Achieving equilibrium within internal states Signup and view all the answers

How does the glucostat theory explain hunger?

It links low glucose levels to a drive to eat. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Cannon-Bard theory primarily focus on?

Simultaneous emotional and physiological reactions Signup and view all the answers

The orgasm phase in human sexual response is characterized by what type of physical activity?

Involuntary rhythmic contractions Signup and view all the answers

What does the incentive theory primarily suggest about behavior?

Behavior can be motivated by anticipated rewards Signup and view all the answers

What is the intended effect of the plateau phase in a human's sexual response?

To build sexual tension before climax Signup and view all the answers

What physiological changes are typically associated with sexual pleasure?

Changes in hormone levels Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does the premise of the polygraph test rely on?

The connection between emotional states and physiological responses Signup and view all the answers

What common misconception about criminals is noted in the context of the physiological response?

Criminals do not experience emotion Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon describes the ability to remember something better when the conditions of retrieval are similar to those of encoding?

Encoding specificity Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of organizing information into meaningful groupings to enhance memory retention?

Chunking Signup and view all the answers

Which concept refers to the gradual strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity?

Long-term potentiation Signup and view all the answers

What term describes our ability to recognize a stimulus more easily after we have encountered that stimulus before?

Priming Signup and view all the answers

Which type of interference occurs when previous learning disrupts the acquisition of new information?

Proactive interference Signup and view all the answers

What is the inability of adults to retrieve episodic memories from the early years of their life called?

Infantile amnesia Signup and view all the answers

Which concept pertains to the knowledge about our own memory processes and the ability to monitor and control those processes?

Meta memory Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the clarity of information remembered, making it easier to retrieve?

Encoding specificity Signup and view all the answers

What is the misinformation effect primarily associated with?

The creation of fictitious memories Signup and view all the answers

How does the misinformation effect influence memory recall?

It results in the incorporation of false details into memories Signup and view all the answers

What role does misleading information play in creating fictitious memories?

It distorts the recollection of the event Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential outcome of the misinformation effect?

Development of false memories regarding past events Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive framework is disrupted by the misinformation effect?

Schema theory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the misinformation effect?

A person remembers an event differently after discussing it with friends Signup and view all the answers

What can significantly impact memory recall during the misinformation effect?

The timing of the misleading information Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of massed practice in memory retention?

Learning a large amount of information within a short time frame Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of classical conditioning?

Involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of leptin in relation to appetite?

It reduces appetite by signaling energy usage. Signup and view all the answers

What does stimulus generalization refer to in learning?

The process by which a conditioned response is elicited by similar stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What best describes a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement?

Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses Signup and view all the answers

What does the Cannon-Bard theory propose about emotions?

Emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously after an event. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a primary reinforcer in learning?

It naturally increases the target behavior without prior learning Signup and view all the answers

Which theory explains the relationship between blood glucose levels and hunger?

Glucostat Theory Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'set point' established in the Set Point Theory refer to?

A predetermined range of body weight and muscle mass. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of reinforcement schedules, what does a variable interval schedule entail?

Reinforcement is given after varying time intervals, making it unpredictable Signup and view all the answers

How does sexual response potentially affect people in relation to physiological needs?

It builds tension that can influence behavior and emotions. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the concept of latent inhibition in learning?

Difficulty in learning about a stimulus due to previous exposure without reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What is an effect of mirror neurons in learning processes?

They facilitate learning through imitation and understanding others' actions Signup and view all the answers

In which phase does the sexual response reportedly build tension according to the content?

Plateau Phase Signup and view all the answers

What premise does the polygraph test rely on concerning emotions and physiological responses?

Physiological changes signal concealed emotions associated with potential crime. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of a partial reinforcement schedule?

Reinforcement is not provided consistently after every response Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of physiological responses in emotional experiences according to the theories discussed?

They are part of a complex interaction with cognitive and emotional stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the extent to which we believe we have things in common with others?

Similarity Signup and view all the answers

Which concept suggests that a person's belief in good moods lasting longer affects their overall mood?

Durability Bias Signup and view all the answers

How does reciprocal exchange influence interpersonal relationships based on the concept provided?

It enhances mutual attraction. Signup and view all the answers

What does the incentive theory propose about motivation?

It emphasizes rewards as motivators. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant aspect of the facial feedback hypothesis?

It claims that facial expressions can influence emotional experience. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the orgasm phase in human sexual response?

Heightened involuntary responses Signup and view all the answers

What misleading belief may people have regarding positive and negative information retention with age?

People tend to remember positive information more than negative as they age. Signup and view all the answers

What does homeostasis refer to in the context of emotional equilibrium?

The body's effort to maintain internal stability. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Basis of the Two Factor Theory?

It combines physiological arousal with cognitive evaluation. Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of Bulimia Nervosa?

Binging followed by purging. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the Hedonic Treadmill phenomenon?

The tendency to return to a baseline level of mood after changes. Signup and view all the answers

What is proxemics primarily concerned with?

The psychological effects of personal space. Signup and view all the answers

What is a focus area of Positive Psychology?

Promoting individual strengths and well-being. Signup and view all the answers

What phase follows orgasm in the human sexual response cycle?

Resolution phase. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes primary emotions?

Emotions that are universally experienced without prior learning. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Attribution Theory propose regarding emotional arousal?

It involves attributing causes to one's emotional states. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main feature of a Variable Interval Schedule in operant conditioning?

Reinforcement occurs after an average time interval with random variations. Signup and view all the answers

In a Variable Interval Schedule, how is the timing of reinforcement characterized?

It varies randomly around an average time. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of behavior is typically encouraged through a Variable Interval Schedule?

Steady responses over unpredictable intervals. Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when reinforcement is provided for producing a response after an average time interval?

The timing for each reinforcement changes randomly. Signup and view all the answers

How do the intervals in a Variable Interval Schedule compare to those in a Fixed Interval Schedule?

They vary randomly while Fixed Intervals remain constant. Signup and view all the answers

What type of response is defined as a behavior that is controlled by the consequences that follow it?

Operant Response Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an unconditioned response to a stimulus?

Swimming to the surface for food Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the neutral stimulus in classical conditioning?

It precedes the unconditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is positive reinforcement in operant conditioning?

Presenting a stimulus to increase a behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes conditioned stimuli?

They require prior association with unconditioned stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, what is the main factor that influences behavior?

The consequences that follow the behavior Signup and view all the answers

What does latent learning refer to?

Learning that is not immediately noticeable or observable. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus?

Negative Reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What can damage to the forebrain eliminate entirely?

Dreaming Signup and view all the answers

What process does past life regression therapy primarily use?

Hypnosis to alter memories Signup and view all the answers

Which theory addresses the separation between personality functions and consciousness in hypnosis?

Dissociation theory Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of hallucinogenic drugs on perception?

Altered moods and sensory experiences Signup and view all the answers

What does socio-cognitive theory about hypnosis focus on?

The expectations surrounding hypnosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of narcotics in therapeutic settings?

Relieving pain and inducing sleep Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT associated with the effects of hypnosis?

Substantial changes in personality Signup and view all the answers

How does damage to the forebrain affect sleep?

It can eliminate the ability to dream. Signup and view all the answers

What is the hallmark of observational learning?

Learning by watching others Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is most likely to demonstrate instinctive drift?

A pet reverting to chewing on shoes despite training Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of a fixed ratio schedule?

Reinforcement is delivered a constant number of responses Signup and view all the answers

What type of schedule reinforces behavior only some of the time?

Partial reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

How do mirror neurons contribute to learning?

They facilitate imitation of observed actions Signup and view all the answers

In which situation could a child exhibit scolding as a corrective measure?

When they display aggressive behavior towards peers Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a variable interval schedule?

A random snack reward given to a child after various amounts of time Signup and view all the answers

What kind of learning occurs through reinforcement based on observing others' behavior?

Observational learning Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon describes a pet owner's tendency to alter their pet's behavior by giving scolding?

Operant conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'cognitive maps' in behavior studies refer to?

Representations of mental space and environment organization Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcement is typically used to establish long-term behavior modification?

Partial reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What motivates instinctive drift in animals?

Return to natural behaviors regardless of training Signup and view all the answers

Which type of schedule provides reinforcement after irregular intervals of time?

Variable interval schedule Signup and view all the answers

What function does melatonin serve in relation to circadian rhythms?

Helps regulate sleep-wake cycles Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of sleep is deep sleep characterized by delta waves typically experienced?

Stage 3 & 4 Sleep Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Stage 2 Sleep?

Dominance of theta waves Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor that can disrupt an adult’s biological clock?

Jet lag Signup and view all the answers

What type of sleep is referred to when alcohol depresses deep sleep?

Stage 3 & 4 Sleep Signup and view all the answers

What outcome is likely for infants who require significantly more sleep than adults?

Increased physical growth Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the forebrain in dreaming according to the activation-synthesis theory?

Mirroring life circumstances Signup and view all the answers

What type of electrical activity is typically seen during hypnagogic imagery?

Theta and alpha waves Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming?

Dreams are the result of random neural impulses Signup and view all the answers

What impact does sleep disruption from late work shifts typically have?

Disturbance in sleep patterns Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes REM rebounding?

More frequent occurrences of REM sleep after deprivation Signup and view all the answers

What brain structure is critical for the regulation of circadian rhythms?

Suprachiasmatic nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hypothesis in experimental research?

To generate predictions for outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'random assignment' in experimental design mean?

Participants are assigned to groups by chance Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for processing sensory information?

Thalamus Signup and view all the answers

What does 'external validity' assess in research?

Generality of findings beyond the study setting Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is primarily involved in emotional regulation?

Limbic system Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'case study' in research methodology refer to?

A detailed examination of a single subject or small group Signup and view all the answers

What are the 'dendrites' of a neuron responsible for?

Receiving signals from other neurons Signup and view all the answers

What defines a 'placebo effect' in psychological research?

Real improvement due to participants' expectations Signup and view all the answers

In the context of research design, what does 'internal validity' refer to?

The degree to which results accurately reflect the effect of the manipulation Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is commonly linked to mood regulation?

Serotonin Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'amygdala' primarily influence?

Emotional responses Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism describes how glial cells support neuron function?

Providing structural and metabolic support Signup and view all the answers

What kind of study compares the behaviors and traits of identical twins?

Twin study Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'resting potential' of a neuron refer to?

The difference in electrical charge across the neuron's membrane when inactive Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus elicits a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits that response.
Neutral stimulus: initially does not elicit a response.
Unconditioned stimulus: a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response.
Unconditioned response: the automatic and natural response to the unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned stimulus: a neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus and elicits a response.
Conditioned response: the learned response to the conditioned stimulus.

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning is a type of learning where behaviour is influenced by the consequences that follow it.
Behaviour is emitted, not elicited (voluntary).
Learning is controlled by the consequences of the organism's behaviour.

Reinforcement and Punishment

Positive reinforcement: presenting a stimulus to increase a behaviour.
Negative reinforcement: removing a stimulus to increase a behaviour.
Positive punishment: presenting a stimulus to decrease a behaviour.
Negative punishment: removing a stimulus to decrease a behaviour.

Latent Learning

Latent learning is learning that is not immediately observable.
Cognitive maps provide a mental representation of a space.

Observational Learning

Learning by observing others.
Mirror neurons: active when performing an action and observing that same action.

Preparedness

Predisposition to fear some stimuli more so than others, due to evolutionary factors.

Instinctive Drift

Tendency to return to evolutionarily-selected behaviours that may interfere with learned behaviours.

Schedules of Reinforcement

Continuous reinforcement: reinforcing a response every time it occurs.
Partial reinforcement: reinforcing a response only some of the time.
- Fixed ratio (FR): reinforcement after a set number of responses.
- Variable ratio (VR): reinforcement after a varying number of responses.
- Fixed interval (FI): reinforcement after a fixed amount of time.
- Variable interval (VI): reinforcement after a varying amount of time.

Other Concepts

Demand characteristics: cues that participants pick up from a study, causing them to generate guesses about the researcher's hypothesis.
Case study: intensive examination of a person over a period of time.
Correlation design: study to determine the relationship between variables.
Naturalistic observation: watching behaviour in real-world settings without trying to manipulate the situation.
Meta-analysis: statistical method for interpreting a large body of psychological literature.
Independent variable: variable manipulated by the researcher.
Dependent variable: the variable measured.
Validity: extent to which a measure assesses what it's designed to measure.

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Description

Test your knowledge on conditioning theories and reinforcement schedules in psychology with this engaging quiz. Explore concepts like variable interval schedules, unconditioned stimuli, and the effects of punishment and reinforcement on behavior. Perfect for students studying psychology or anyone interested in behavioral science.