Psychology Class: Conditioning and Schedules
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Using Pavlov's terminology, when the white uniform elicits a fear response, it would be termed a(n):

  • Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
  • Conditioned response (CR)
  • Unconditioned response (UCR)
  • Conditioned stimulus (CS) (correct)

    • In the example of Bill and his coffee, what is the CS and CR?

  • The CS is the drug caffeine, and the CR is alertness
  • The CS is alertness, and the CR is the smell and taste of coffee
  • The CS is the smell and taste of coffee, and the CR is alertness (correct)
  • The CS is the smell and taste of coffee, and the CR is the drug caffeine

    • What did the famous 'Little Albert' study conducted by John Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate?

  • That it was possible to operantly condition voluntary behavior in infants if the right reinforcer was presented immediately following the target behavior.
  • That it was possible to classically condition an emotional reaction to a previously neutral stimulus. (correct)
  • That even a baby can be conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell.
  • That all emotional reactions are inborn, naturally occurring reflexes.

    • The owners of the factory are using a ________ schedule of reinforcement to pay Cal.

    <p>fixed-ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best represents the unconditioned stimulus in Kim's example?

    <p>intimate physical contact with her partner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using Pavlov's terminology, the tears in response to cutting an onion would be termed a(n):

    <p>unconditioned response (UCR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

    <p>when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Colin's case, spanking was a(n) ________ for Colin's fear.

    <p>unconditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How would psychologist Edward Tolman explain Helen's behavior?

    <p>she has formed a cognitive map of the area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mindy and her class are learning how to measure blood pressure through the use of:

    <p>observational learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a:

    <p>conditioned stimulus (CS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The amount of saliva secreted by the dog decreased to zero, indicating that ________ had occurred.

    <p>extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tom's behavior of backing up his data to a second hard drive is an example of:

    <p>negative reinforcement by avoidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dave's boss is using ________.

    <p>negative reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Richard's behavior of dressing inappropriately for gardening has been changed as a result of:

    <p>punishment by application (positive punishment)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kevin always sprays himself with insect repellent before he starts mowing. This is an example of:

    <p>negative reinforcement by avoidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has occurred if a young child begins reacting with fear to the sight of any white jacket?

    <p>stimulus generalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Placing the bolts by the tire is:

    <p>the operant (behavior) that is being negatively reinforced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

    <p>stimulus discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the example, the conditioned stimulus is ________ and the conditioned response is ________.

    <p>the smell or taste of beer; nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using Pavlov's terminology, the cold temperature would be termed a(n):

    <p>unconditioned stimulus (UCS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dog's salivation to the sound of the bell is called the:

    <p>conditioned response (CR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bright light would be termed the ________, and the pupil constricting would be termed the ________.

    <p>unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The decrease in the students' anxiety may be attributed to the process of:

    <p>extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following results would provide evidence for latent learning?

    <p>The rats improve very little in how quickly they reach the end of the maze for the first ten days, but dramatically improve their performance on day 11.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best accounts for the boys' behavior of trying to fly?

    <p>observational learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The example of Akai rubbing cortisone cream on an itching spot is an example of:

    <p>negative reinforcement by escape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bandura's 'Bobo doll' experiments were intended to demonstrate:

    <p>observational learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using operant conditioning terms, Maria's behavior is being maintained by:

    <p>negative reinforcement by avoidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive reinforcement ________ the likelihood of a behavior's being repeated. Negative reinforcement ________ the likelihood of a behavior's being repeated.

    <p>increases; increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    No longer raising your hand to ask or answer questions is the result of:

    <p>extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Behaviors reinforced intermittently are ________ resistant to extinction.

    <p>more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Grace's action of squirming and giggling when tickled is a(n):

    <p>conditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rat is on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

    <p>fixed-ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive reinforcement is to negative reinforcement as:

    <p>addition of a reinforcing stimulus is to removal of an aversive stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The experimenter has demonstrated:

    <p>higher order conditioning (second-order conditioning)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Negative reinforcement:

    <p>leads to an increase in the probability of a behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Miss Cantrell is using a ________ to reward desired behavior.

    <p>conditioned (secondary) reinforcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Watson and Rayner's famous 'Little Albert' study, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

    <p>the loud clanging sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes explains why Natacha is afraid when she smells rubbing alcohol?

    <p>classical conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This best illustrates the adaptive value of:

    <p>discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On the average, the rat was reinforced for every five bar presses. The rat is on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

    <p>variable-ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rachel no longer touches cactus plants; this is an example of:

    <p>punishment by application (positive punishment)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blan's thumb sucking has become a habit because it reduces her anxiety. This best illustrates the process of:

    <p>operant conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, and sea turtles moving towards the ocean after birth are all examples of ________.

    <p>instincts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Martina is using the process of ________ to train the dolphin.

    <p>shaping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an advertisement that uses classical conditioning to persuade, the product or service being promoted is usually a(n):

    <p>conditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Washing the car is a(n):

    <p>positive reinforcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The humanities instructor is using a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

    <p>variable-interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Reinforcement Schedules

    • Factory owners utilize a fixed-ratio schedule in Cal’s payment system, rewarding $10 for every 100 widgets produced.
    • A fixed-ratio schedule reinforces behavior after a specific number of responses.

    Classical Conditioning

    • An unconditioned stimulus (UCS) leads to an automatic response without prior learning; in the case of Kim, it is intimate physical contact.
    • Tears caused by cutting onions are an unconditioned response (UCR) to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) of airborne irritants.
    • Ravel's "Boléro" becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) for Kim, eliciting her memory of intimacy with Russ, demonstrating the power of association.

    Operant Conditioning

    • Operant conditioning involves learning through consequences; when Mindy receives treats for a behavior, that exemplifies this concept.
    • Colin learns to fear the restaurant due to spanking, which acts as an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) triggering his emotional response.
    • Helen's cognitive map of routes demonstrates her spatial learning ability, allowing her to reroute based on experience.

    Learning through Observation

    • Mindy’s blood pressure training shows observational learning, as she learns from demonstrations rather than direct reinforcement.
    • Children like Dan and Joel exhibit observational learning when imitating behaviors seen in media, such as attempting to fly like Superman.

    Stimulus Associations

    • Higher order conditioning can occur when a new stimulus (red light) becomes a CS paired with an existing CS (tone), eliciting similar responses.
    • Stimulus generalization occurs when a child reacts to various stimuli (e.g., fear of any white jacket) after conditioning to one specific stimulus (nurse's uniform).

    Anxiety Reduction Techniques

    • Positive reinforcement can enhance behavior, such as Tom’s habit of backing up data to avoid future data loss via negative reinforcement by avoidance.
    • Students’ anxiety diminishing over time when quizzes are removed illustrates extinction in a learned response to fear.

    Reinforcement and Extinction

    • Behaviors reinforced intermittently are generally more resistant to extinction compared to those on continuous reinforcement schedules.
    • As seen in the quiz example, extinction also applies when behaviors (raising hands) cease due to a lack of reinforcement.

    Rewards and Punishments

    • Miss Cantrell uses conditioned reinforcers (stickers) to promote desired behaviors in her classroom.
    • Punishment by application (positive punishment) occurs when Richard changes his behavior after being hurt, promoting safety through learned behavior.

    Instinctual Behaviors

    • Natural behaviors, like animal migration, showcase inherent instincts distinct from learned behaviors through conditioning or reinforcement.

    Effective Learning Techniques

    • Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior, as seen with Martina training dolphins.
    • Negative reinforcement leads to behavior increase by removing discomfort, evident when Akai applies cream to relieve itching, providing long-term behavioral changes.

    Classical Conditioning in Advertising

    • Products in advertisements are often utilized as conditioned stimuli (CS) to create positive associations and influence consumer behavior.

    The Role of Context

    • Contextual understanding of stimulus-response relationships aids in interpreting behaviors within psychological frameworks such as classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

    Final Note

    • Understanding these principles of behaviorism can enhance learning strategies, effective teaching methods, and personal behavior modification techniques.

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    Quiz Team

    Description

    Explore the essential concepts of reinforcement schedules, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning. Understand the differences between fixed-ratio schedules, unconditioned stimuli, and conditioned responses as they apply to real-life scenarios. This quiz will deepen your comprehension of these fundamental psychological principles.

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