Psychology Class: Conditioning and Schedules

Questions and Answers

Using Pavlov's terminology, when the white uniform elicits a fear response, it would be termed a(n):

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Conditioned response (CR)

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Conditioned stimulus (CS) (correct)

In the example of Bill and his coffee, what is the CS and CR?

The CS is the drug caffeine, and the CR is alertness

The CS is alertness, and the CR is the smell and taste of coffee

The CS is the smell and taste of coffee, and the CR is alertness (correct)

The CS is the smell and taste of coffee, and the CR is the drug caffeine

What did the famous 'Little Albert' study conducted by John Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate?

That it was possible to operantly condition voluntary behavior in infants if the right reinforcer was presented immediately following the target behavior.

That it was possible to classically condition an emotional reaction to a previously neutral stimulus. (correct)

That even a baby can be conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell.

That all emotional reactions are inborn, naturally occurring reflexes.

The owners of the factory are using a ________ schedule of reinforcement to pay Cal.

fixed-ratio Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents the unconditioned stimulus in Kim's example?

intimate physical contact with her partner Signup and view all the answers

Using Pavlov's terminology, the tears in response to cutting an onion would be termed a(n):

unconditioned response (UCR) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior Signup and view all the answers

In Colin's case, spanking was a(n) ________ for Colin's fear.

unconditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

How would psychologist Edward Tolman explain Helen's behavior?

she has formed a cognitive map of the area Signup and view all the answers

Mindy and her class are learning how to measure blood pressure through the use of:

observational learning Signup and view all the answers

For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a:

conditioned stimulus (CS) Signup and view all the answers

The amount of saliva secreted by the dog decreased to zero, indicating that ________ had occurred.

extinction Signup and view all the answers

Tom's behavior of backing up his data to a second hard drive is an example of:

negative reinforcement by avoidance Signup and view all the answers

Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

Richard's behavior of dressing inappropriately for gardening has been changed as a result of:

punishment by application (positive punishment) Signup and view all the answers

Kevin always sprays himself with insect repellent before he starts mowing. This is an example of:

negative reinforcement by avoidance Signup and view all the answers

What has occurred if a young child begins reacting with fear to the sight of any white jacket?

stimulus generalization Signup and view all the answers

Placing the bolts by the tire is:

the operant (behavior) that is being negatively reinforced Signup and view all the answers

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

stimulus discrimination Signup and view all the answers

In the example, the conditioned stimulus is and the conditioned response is .

the smell or taste of beer; nausea Signup and view all the answers

Using Pavlov's terminology, the cold temperature would be termed a(n):

unconditioned stimulus (UCS) Signup and view all the answers

The dog's salivation to the sound of the bell is called the:

conditioned response (CR) Signup and view all the answers

The bright light would be termed the , and the pupil constricting would be termed the .

unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response Signup and view all the answers

The decrease in the students' anxiety may be attributed to the process of:

extinction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following results would provide evidence for latent learning?

The rats improve very little in how quickly they reach the end of the maze for the first ten days, but dramatically improve their performance on day 11. Signup and view all the answers

What best accounts for the boys' behavior of trying to fly?

observational learning Signup and view all the answers

The example of Akai rubbing cortisone cream on an itching spot is an example of:

negative reinforcement by escape Signup and view all the answers

Bandura's 'Bobo doll' experiments were intended to demonstrate:

observational learning Signup and view all the answers

Using operant conditioning terms, Maria's behavior is being maintained by:

negative reinforcement by avoidance Signup and view all the answers

Positive reinforcement the likelihood of a behavior's being repeated. Negative reinforcement the likelihood of a behavior's being repeated.

increases; increases Signup and view all the answers

No longer raising your hand to ask or answer questions is the result of:

extinction Signup and view all the answers

Behaviors reinforced intermittently are ________ resistant to extinction.

more Signup and view all the answers

Grace's action of squirming and giggling when tickled is a(n):

conditioned response Signup and view all the answers

The rat is on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-ratio Signup and view all the answers

Positive reinforcement is to negative reinforcement as:

addition of a reinforcing stimulus is to removal of an aversive stimulus Signup and view all the answers

The experimenter has demonstrated:

higher order conditioning (second-order conditioning) Signup and view all the answers

Negative reinforcement:

leads to an increase in the probability of a behavior Signup and view all the answers

Miss Cantrell is using a ________ to reward desired behavior.

conditioned (secondary) reinforcer Signup and view all the answers

In Watson and Rayner's famous 'Little Albert' study, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

the loud clanging sound Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes explains why Natacha is afraid when she smells rubbing alcohol?

classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

This best illustrates the adaptive value of:

discrimination Signup and view all the answers

On the average, the rat was reinforced for every five bar presses. The rat is on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

variable-ratio Signup and view all the answers

Rachel no longer touches cactus plants; this is an example of:

punishment by application (positive punishment) Signup and view all the answers

Blan's thumb sucking has become a habit because it reduces her anxiety. This best illustrates the process of:

operant conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, and sea turtles moving towards the ocean after birth are all examples of ________.

instincts Signup and view all the answers

Martina is using the process of ________ to train the dolphin.

shaping Signup and view all the answers

In an advertisement that uses classical conditioning to persuade, the product or service being promoted is usually a(n):

conditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Washing the car is a(n):

positive reinforcer Signup and view all the answers

The humanities instructor is using a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

variable-interval Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Reinforcement Schedules

Factory owners utilize a fixed-ratio schedule in Cal’s payment system, rewarding $10 for every 100 widgets produced.
A fixed-ratio schedule reinforces behavior after a specific number of responses.

Classical Conditioning

An unconditioned stimulus (UCS) leads to an automatic response without prior learning; in the case of Kim, it is intimate physical contact.
Tears caused by cutting onions are an unconditioned response (UCR) to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) of airborne irritants.
Ravel's "Boléro" becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) for Kim, eliciting her memory of intimacy with Russ, demonstrating the power of association.

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning involves learning through consequences; when Mindy receives treats for a behavior, that exemplifies this concept.
Colin learns to fear the restaurant due to spanking, which acts as an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) triggering his emotional response.
Helen's cognitive map of routes demonstrates her spatial learning ability, allowing her to reroute based on experience.

Learning through Observation

Mindy’s blood pressure training shows observational learning, as she learns from demonstrations rather than direct reinforcement.
Children like Dan and Joel exhibit observational learning when imitating behaviors seen in media, such as attempting to fly like Superman.

Stimulus Associations

Higher order conditioning can occur when a new stimulus (red light) becomes a CS paired with an existing CS (tone), eliciting similar responses.
Stimulus generalization occurs when a child reacts to various stimuli (e.g., fear of any white jacket) after conditioning to one specific stimulus (nurse's uniform).

Anxiety Reduction Techniques

Positive reinforcement can enhance behavior, such as Tom’s habit of backing up data to avoid future data loss via negative reinforcement by avoidance.
Students’ anxiety diminishing over time when quizzes are removed illustrates extinction in a learned response to fear.

Reinforcement and Extinction

Behaviors reinforced intermittently are generally more resistant to extinction compared to those on continuous reinforcement schedules.
As seen in the quiz example, extinction also applies when behaviors (raising hands) cease due to a lack of reinforcement.

Rewards and Punishments

Miss Cantrell uses conditioned reinforcers (stickers) to promote desired behaviors in her classroom.
Punishment by application (positive punishment) occurs when Richard changes his behavior after being hurt, promoting safety through learned behavior.

Instinctual Behaviors

Natural behaviors, like animal migration, showcase inherent instincts distinct from learned behaviors through conditioning or reinforcement.

Effective Learning Techniques

Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior, as seen with Martina training dolphins.
Negative reinforcement leads to behavior increase by removing discomfort, evident when Akai applies cream to relieve itching, providing long-term behavioral changes.

Classical Conditioning in Advertising

Products in advertisements are often utilized as conditioned stimuli (CS) to create positive associations and influence consumer behavior.

The Role of Context

Contextual understanding of stimulus-response relationships aids in interpreting behaviors within psychological frameworks such as classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

Final Note

Understanding these principles of behaviorism can enhance learning strategies, effective teaching methods, and personal behavior modification techniques.

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Description

Explore the essential concepts of reinforcement schedules, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning. Understand the differences between fixed-ratio schedules, unconditioned stimuli, and conditioned responses as they apply to real-life scenarios. This quiz will deepen your comprehension of these fundamental psychological principles.

Psychology Class: Conditioning and Schedules

Questions and Answers

Using Pavlov's terminology, when the white uniform elicits a fear response, it would be termed a(n):

In the example of Bill and his coffee, what is the CS and CR?

What did the famous 'Little Albert' study conducted by John Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate?

The owners of the factory are using a ________ schedule of reinforcement to pay Cal.

Which of the following best represents the unconditioned stimulus in Kim's example?

Using Pavlov's terminology, the tears in response to cutting an onion would be termed a(n):

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

In Colin's case, spanking was a(n) ________ for Colin's fear.

How would psychologist Edward Tolman explain Helen's behavior?

Mindy and her class are learning how to measure blood pressure through the use of:

For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a:

The amount of saliva secreted by the dog decreased to zero, indicating that ________ had occurred.

Tom's behavior of backing up his data to a second hard drive is an example of:

Dave's boss is using ________.

Richard's behavior of dressing inappropriately for gardening has been changed as a result of:

Kevin always sprays himself with insect repellent before he starts mowing. This is an example of:

What has occurred if a young child begins reacting with fear to the sight of any white jacket?

Placing the bolts by the tire is:

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

In the example, the conditioned stimulus is ________ and the conditioned response is ________.

Using Pavlov's terminology, the cold temperature would be termed a(n):

The dog's salivation to the sound of the bell is called the:

The bright light would be termed the ________, and the pupil constricting would be termed the ________.

The decrease in the students' anxiety may be attributed to the process of:

Which of the following results would provide evidence for latent learning?

What best accounts for the boys' behavior of trying to fly?

The example of Akai rubbing cortisone cream on an itching spot is an example of:

Bandura's 'Bobo doll' experiments were intended to demonstrate:

Using operant conditioning terms, Maria's behavior is being maintained by:

Positive reinforcement ________ the likelihood of a behavior's being repeated. Negative reinforcement ________ the likelihood of a behavior's being repeated.

No longer raising your hand to ask or answer questions is the result of:

Behaviors reinforced intermittently are ________ resistant to extinction.

Grace's action of squirming and giggling when tickled is a(n):

The rat is on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Positive reinforcement is to negative reinforcement as:

The experimenter has demonstrated:

Negative reinforcement:

Miss Cantrell is using a ________ to reward desired behavior.

In Watson and Rayner's famous 'Little Albert' study, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

Which of the following processes explains why Natacha is afraid when she smells rubbing alcohol?

This best illustrates the adaptive value of:

On the average, the rat was reinforced for every five bar presses. The rat is on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Rachel no longer touches cactus plants; this is an example of:

Blan's thumb sucking has become a habit because it reduces her anxiety. This best illustrates the process of:

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, and sea turtles moving towards the ocean after birth are all examples of ________.

Martina is using the process of ________ to train the dolphin.

In an advertisement that uses classical conditioning to persuade, the product or service being promoted is usually a(n):

Washing the car is a(n):

The humanities instructor is using a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Study Notes

Reinforcement Schedules

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Learning through Observation

Stimulus Associations

Anxiety Reduction Techniques

Reinforcement and Extinction

Rewards and Punishments

Instinctual Behaviors

Effective Learning Techniques

Classical Conditioning in Advertising

The Role of Context

Final Note

Studying That Suits You

Description

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In the example, the conditioned stimulus is and the conditioned response is .

The bright light would be termed the , and the pupil constricting would be termed the .

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