Learning Theories Overview

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Questions and Answers

Who is associated with the theory of observational learning?

  • Albert Bandura (correct)
  • John Watson
  • B.F. Skinner
  • Ivan Pavlov

What are the four stages of observational learning?

  • Perception, analysis, action, feedback
  • Stimulus, response, reward, punishment
  • Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation (correct)
  • Learning, reinforcement, modeling, imitation

Reinforcement schedules can influence the strength of learned behavior.

True (A)

Which reinforcement schedule rewards a response after an unpredictable number of actions?

<p>Variable ratio (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between classical and operant conditioning?

<p>Operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Extinction occurs more quickly when reinforcement is continuous.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is latent learning?

<p>Learning that becomes evident only when needed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of learning relies on observing and imitating others?

<p>Observational learning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who conducted the famous Bobo doll experiment on observational learning?

<p>Albert Bandura (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Classical conditioning can explain behaviors that occur without conscious thought.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the strengthening of a behavior through rewards?

<p>Positive reinforcement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the limbic system regulates fear and aggression?

<p>Amygdala (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The brain stem alone can sustain life without the cerebrum.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for hearing and language processing?

<p>Temporal lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the cerebellum play in emotional responses?

<p>Coordinating emotional reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The amygdala is part of the brain stem.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the parietal lobe?

<p>Processing touch and bodily sensations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure links the nervous system to the endocrine system?

<p>Hypothalamus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neuroplasticity is only observed in young children.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the limbic system in behavior?

<p>Regulating emotions and memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is known for developing the theory of operant conditioning?

<p>B.F. Skinner (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Observational Learning

A learning process that occurs through observing and imitating others.

Positive Reinforcement

The strengthening of a behavior through the application of rewards or positive consequences.

Classical Conditioning

A type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a naturally occurring response, leading to a learned response.

Extinction

The process of learning through repeated exposure to stimuli and the gradual weakening or disappearance of a learned response.

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Operant Conditioning

A type of learning where behaviors are modified based on their consequences.

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Fixed Ratio Schedule

A learning process where a response is reinforced after a specific and predictable number of actions.

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Variable Ratio Schedule

A learning process where a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of actions.

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Fixed Interval Schedule

A learning process where a response is reinforced after a specific and predictable time interval.

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Variable Interval Schedule

A learning process where a response is reinforced after an unpredictable time interval.

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Latent Learning

Learning that occurs but is not immediately expressed in a behavior until a situation requires it.

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Stages of Observational Learning

The four stages of observational learning, which include attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.

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Albert Bandura

A researcher known for his experiments on observational learning, especially the Bobo doll experiment.

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B.F. Skinner

A researcher known for his work on operant conditioning and the Skinner box.

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John Watson

A researcher known for his work on classical conditioning.

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Amygdala

The part of the brain that plays a key role in regulating emotions, particularly fear and aggression.

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Parietal Lobe

The part of the brain responsible for processing sensory information, particularly touch and bodily awareness.

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Temporal Lobe

The part of the brain responsible for processing auditory information and language.

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Occipital Lobe

The part of the brain responsible for processing visual information.

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Frontal Lobe

The part of the brain responsible for higher-level cognitive functions, including planning, decision-making, and problem-solving.

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Cerebellum

The part of the brain responsible for coordinating movement, balance, and motor learning.

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Brain Stem

The part of the brain that connects the brain to the spinal cord and regulates basic life functions such as breathing and heart rate.

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Limbic System

The interconnected group of brain structures that play a central role in emotions, memory, and motivation.

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Neuroplasticity

The brain's ability to change and adapt in response to experience.

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Hippocampus

A structure in the limbic system that plays a role in memory formation and spatial navigation.

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Hypothalamus

A structure in the limbic system that links the nervous system to the endocrine system and regulates functions like hunger, thirst, and body temperature.

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What is Observational Learning?

Learning that occurs through observing and imitating others.

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What is Classical Conditioning?

The process of learning by associating a neutral stimulus with a naturally occurring response, leading to a learned response.

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What is Operant Conditioning?

The process of learning by associating behaviors with their consequences.

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What is Extinction?

The weakening or disappearance of a learned response due to the absence of reinforcement.

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What is Positive Reinforcement?

Strengthening behavior through the application of rewards or positive consequences.

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What is Negative Reinforcement?

Strengthening a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus.

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What is a Fixed-Ratio Schedule?

A specific type of reinforcement schedule where a response is reinforced after a specific number of actions.

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What is a Variable-Ratio Schedule?

A reinforcement schedule where a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of actions.

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What is a Fixed-Interval Schedule?

A specific type of reinforcement schedule where a response is reinforced after a specific time interval.

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What is a Variable-Interval Schedule?

A reinforcement schedule where a response is reinforced after an unpredictable time interval.

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What is Latent Learning?

Learning that occurs but is not expressed until a situation requires it.

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Reinforcement Schedule Impact on Learned Behavior

True/False: Reinforcement schedules can influence the strength of learned behavior.

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What is the Amygdala?

The part of the brain that plays a key role in regulating emotions, particularly fear and aggression.

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Cerebellum and Emotions

True/False: The cerebellum is involved in emotional responses.

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What is the Parietal Lobe?

The part of the brain responsible for processing touch and bodily sensations.

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Brain Stem and Life Support

True/False: The brain stem can keep you alive without the cerebrum.

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What is Neuroplasticity?

The ability of the brain to change and adapt in response to experience.

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What is the Limbic System?

The interconnected group of brain structures that play a central role in emotions, memory, and motivation.

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What is the Temporal Lobe?

The part of the brain responsible for processing auditory information and language.

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Neuroplasticity Throughout Life

True/False: Neuroplasticity only occurs in young children.

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What is the Hippocampus?

A structure in the limbic system that plays a role in memory formation and spatial navigation.

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What is the Hypothalamus?

A structure in the limbic system that links the nervous system to the endocrine system and regulates functions like hunger, thirst, and body temperature.

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Amygdala Location

True/False: The amygdala is part of the brain stem.

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What is the Occipital Lobe?

The part of the brain responsible for processing visual information.

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What is the Frontal Lobe?

The part of the brain responsible for higher-level cognitive functions, including planning, decision-making, and problem-solving.

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What are the four stages of Observational Learning?

The four stages of observational learning are attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.

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Bobo Doll Experiment Researcher

Who conducted the famous Bobo doll experiment on observational learning?

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Unconscious Behavior and Classical Conditioning

True/False: Classical conditioning can explain behaviors that occur without conscious thought.

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What is Positive Reinforcement?

The term that describes the strengthening of a behavior through rewards.

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Reinforcement Schedule with Unpredictable Rewards

Which reinforcement schedule rewards a response after an unpredictable number of actions?

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Study Notes

Learning Theories

  • Observational learning: Involves learning by observing and imitating others. Albert Bandura's work is key to this theory.
  • Four stages of observational learning: Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation.
  • Reinforcement schedules: Influence the strength of learned behaviors.
  • Variable ratio schedule: Rewards a response after an unpredictable number of actions (e.g., slot machines).
  • Key differences between classical and operant conditioning: Operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors; classical conditioning is based on associations between stimuli.
  • Extinction: The weakening of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus. Continuous reinforcement leads to quicker extinction.
  • Latent learning: Learning that becomes evident only when needed.
  • Observational learning (again): Relies on observing and imitating others. The Bobo doll experiment demonstrated this phenomenon. This was conducted by Albert Bandura.
  • Classical conditioning: Can explain behaviors occurring without conscious thought.
  • Positive reinforcement: Strengthening behavior through rewards.

Brain Structure and Function

  • Amygdala: Part of the limbic system, regulates fear and aggression.
  • Brain stem: Essential for survival but does not control emotions or complex thought in isolation.
  • Temporal lobe: Involved in hearing and language processing.
  • Cerebellum: Coordinates emotional reactions (not primary processor of emotions).
  • Amygdala: Not part of the brain stem.
  • Parietal lobe: Processes touch and body sensations.
  • Hypothalamus: Links the nervous and endocrine systems.
  • Neuroplasticity: The brain's ability to change and adapt throughout life.
  • Limbic system: Regulates emotions and memory.

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