Psychology Final Exam Study Guide PDF

**Chapter 6 - Learning** **CLASSICAL CONDITIONING** **Elicits a Response** from an organism ("Pulled out") Behaviour is a function of stimuli that **precede the behaviour** Behaviour depends primarily on **automatic nervous system** **Neutral Stimulus** -Initially Neutral: Metronome **(midter...

**Chapter 6 - Learning** **CLASSICAL CONDITIONING** **Elicits a Response** from an organism ("Pulled out") Behaviour is a function of stimuli that **precede the behaviour** Behaviour depends primarily on **automatic nervous system** **Neutral Stimulus** -Initially Neutral: Metronome **(midterm 2: turning on the light)** **Unconditioned Stimulus** -Stimulus that elicits an automatic and reflexive response: Salivating **(midterm 2: fish food)** **Unconditioned Response** -automatic reflexive response that the unconditioned stimulus elicits: salivating **(midterm 2: swimming to the surface)** **Conditioned Response** -a response previously associated with a non-neutral stimulus that comes to be elicited by a neutral stimulus: Introducing only the metronome without the meat powder causes salvation **(midterm 2: swimming to the surface)** **Conditioned Stimulus** -previously neutral stimulus that elicits a response: the metronome is the conditioned stimulus **(midterm 2: turning on the light is the conditioned stimulus as it causes the fish to automatically swim to the surface to get the fish food)** **OPERANT CONDITIONING** **Emitted voluntarily** Behaviour is a function of **consequences that follow that behaviour** Behaviour depends primarily on **skeletal muscles** **Learning controlled by the consequences of the organism's behaviour** +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **REINFORCE | | | | | | MENT | | | | | | & | | | | | | PUNISHMENT* | | | | | | * | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Positive | Negative | Positive | Negative | **LATENT | | Reinforceme | Reinforceme | Punishment | Punishment | LEARNING** | | nt | nt | | | | | | | -Presenting | -Removing a | -learning | | -Presenting | -Removing a | a stimulus | stimulus | that isn't | | a stimulus | stimulus | | | directly | | | | -Decreases | -Decreases | observable. | | -Increases | -Increases | target | target | | | target | target | behaviour | behaviour | **COGNITIVE | | behaviour | behaviour | | | MAPS** | | | | \*scolding | \*confiscat | | | \*giving a | \*static on | a pet | ing | -spatial | | gold star | phone | owner, | a favourite | representat | | on homework | subsides | reducing a | toy, | ions; | | resulting | when you | dog's habit | stopping a | mental | | in a | stand in a | of chewing | child from | representat | | student | specific | on shoes | throwing | ions | | studying | spot in | | tantrums | of how a | | more | your room, | | | physical | | | causing you | | | space is | | | to stand | | | organized | | | there more | | | | | | often | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **OBSERVATI | **PREPAREDN | | | | | ONAL | ESS** | | | | | LEARNING** | | | | | | | -were | | | | | **-**learni | evolutionar | | | | | ng | ily | | | | | by watching | predisposed | | | | | others | to fear | | | | | | certain | | | | | **MIRROR | stimuli | | | | | NEURONS** | more than | | | | | | others | | | | | -cell in | | | | | | the | **INSTINCTI | | | | | prefrontal | VE | | | | | cortex that | DRIFT** | | | | | becomes | | | | | | active by | -tendency | | | | | specific | to return | | | | | motions | to an | | | | | when an | evolutionar | | | | | animal both | ily | | | | | performs | selected | | | | | and | behaviour | | | | | observes | | | | | | that action | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **SCHEDULES | | | | | | OF | | | | | | REINFORCEME | | | | | | NT** | | | | | | | | | | | | Pattern of | | | | | | delivering | | | | | | reinforceme | | | | | | nt | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **CONTINUOU | **PARTIAL | **FIXED | **VARIABLE | **FIXED | | S | REINFORCEME | RATIO | RATIO | INTERVAL | | REINFORCEME | NT** | SCHEDULE | SCHEDULE | SCHEDULE | | NT** | | (FR)** | (VR)** | (FI)** | | | -reinforce | | | | | -reinforce | responses | -reinforcem | -reinforcem | -reinforcem | | a behaviour | only some | ent | ent | ent | | every time | of the time | is provided | is provided | is provided | | it occurs | | after a | after a | for | | | | regular | specific | producing | | | | number of | number of | the | | | | responses | responses | responses | | | | | on average, | at least | | | | example: | but the | once after | | | | give a rat | precise | a specified | | | | a pellet | number of | amount of | | | | after it | responses | time has | | | | presses the | required | passed | | | | lever in a | during any | | | | | skinner box | given | example: a | | | | 15 times | period | worker in a | | | | | varies | factory | | | | | randomly | might get | | | | | | paid every | | | | | example: a | Friday for | | | | | pigeon | the work | | | | | might | they've | | | | | receive | done, as | | | | | bird feed | long as | | | | | after 6 | they've | | | | | pecks, then | generated | | | | | after 12 | at least | | | | | pecks, then | one product | | | | | after 1 | during that | | | | | peck, then | week | | | | | after 21 | interval. | | | | | pecks; with | | | | | | the average | | | | | | ratios | | | | | | being 10 | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **VARIABLE | | | | | | INTERVAL | | | | | | SCHEDULE | | | | | | (VI)** | | | | | | | | | | | | -reinforcem | | | | | | ent | | | | | | is provided | | | | | | for | | | | | | producing | | | | | | the | | | | | | response | | | | | | after an | | | | | | average | | | | | | time | | | | | | interval, | | | | | | with the | | | | | | actual | | | | | | interval | | | | | | varying | | | | | | randomly. | | | | | | | | | | | | Example: | | | | | | give a dog | | | | | | a treat for | | | | | | performing | | | | | | a trick on | | | | | | VI with an | | | | | | average | | | | | | interval of | | | | | | 8 minutes. | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Chapter 5 | | | | | | - | | | | | | Consciousne | | | | | | ss** | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **CIRCADIAN | **BIOLOGICA | **STAGE 1 | **STAGE 2 | **STAGE 3 & | | RHYTHYM** | L | SLEEP** | SLEEP** | 4 SLEEP** | | | CLOCK** | | | | | -changes | | -brain | -k | -delta | | that occur | -20,000 | activity | complexes | waves "slow | | on a | neurons | powers down | "occasional | wave sleep" | | roughly | located in | by 50 | sharply | | | 24-hour | the | percent or | rising and | -deep sleep | | basis in | suprachiasm | more | falling | | | many of our | atic | | waves" | -alcohol | | biological | nucleus | -produces | | depresses | | processes; | (SCN) in | theta waves | -sleep | deep sleep | | this | the | | spindles | | | includes | hypothalamu | -myoclonic | "Sudden | -children | | brain | s | jerks | intense | spend 40% | | waves, body | that make | | bursts of | of their | | temperature | us feel | -hypnagogic | electrical | time in | | and | drowsy at | imagery | activity" | deep sleep | | drowsiness | different | "scrambled | | | | | times of | and | -65 percent | | | -melatonin | the day | bizzare" | of our | | | plays a key | | | sleep is | | | role in | -when your | -alpha | experienced | | | regulating | biological | waves and | in stage 2 | | | circadian | clock is | beta waves | | | | rhythms | disrupted | | | | | | such as | | | | | -adults | late work | | | | | need 7-10 | shifts or | | | | | hours of | jet lag, it | | | | | sleep | disturbs | | | | | | sleep and | | | | | -infants | increases | | | | | need 16 | the | | | | | hours of | likelihood | | | | | sleep | of heart | | | | | | diseases | | | | | | and | | | | | | accidents | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **STAGE 5 | **ACTIVATIO | **NEUROCOGN | **HALLUCINA | **HYPNOSIS* | | SLEEP** | N-SYNTHESIS | ITIVE | TIONS** | * | | | THEORY** | THEORY** | | | | -after 3 & | | | -the visual | -interperso | | 4 sleep we | -dreams | -dreams | cortex | nal | | return to | reflect | reflect | becomes | situation | | stage 2 | brain | random | active, | in which a | | before our | activation | neural | just as it | person in | | brains kick | in sleep, | impulses | does when | the role of | | into high | rather than | activated | you see a | hypnotists | | gear | a repressed | by the | real object | administers | | | unconscious | brain stem | | imaginative | | -REM Sleep | wish | | -hallucinat | suggestions | | | | -dream | ions | to produce | | -REM | -an | continuity | are common | changes in | | rebound | alternative | hypothesis: | | consciousne | | | to | dreams | | ss | | | activation- | mirror our | | in a person | | | synthesis | life | | designated | | | theory is | circumstanc | | as the | | | the role of | es | | patient or | | | the | | | experimenta | | | forebrain | | | l | | | in | | | participant | | | dreaming; | | |. | | | damage to | | | | | | the | | | | | | forebrain | | | | | | can | | | | | | eliminate | | | | | | dreaming | | | | | | entirely | | | | | | | | | | | | -unscramble | | | | | | s | | | | | | messages | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **PAST LIFE | **SOCIOCOGN | **DISSOCIAT | **NARCOTICS | **HALLUCINO | | REGRESSION | ITIVE | ION | ** | GENIC** | | THERAPY** | THEORY** | THEORY** | | | | | | | -relieve | -drug that | | -hypnotize | -people's | -approach | pain and | causes | | and | attitudes, | to | induce | dramatic | | age-regress | beliefs, | explaining | sleep | alterations | | patients to | motivations | hypnosis | | of | | go back to | and | based on a | | perceptions | | the source | expectation | separation | | of | | of their | s | between | | perception, | | present day | about | personality | | mood and | | psychologic | hypnosis, | functions | | thought | | al | as well as | that are | | | | and | their | normally | | | | physical | ability to | well | | | | problems. | respond to | integrated | | | | | waking | | | | | | imaginative | | | | | | suggestions | | | | | | , | | | | | | shape their | | | | | | responses | | | | | | to hypnosis | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **CHAPTER 2 | | | | | | -- | | | | | | DEFINITIONS | | | | | | ** | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **EXTERNAL | **INTERNAL | **WITHIN-SU | **OPERATION | **EXISTENCE | | VALIDITY** | VALIDITY** | BJECT | AL | PROOFS** | | | | DESIGN** | DEFINITION* | | | -extent to | -extent to | | * | -demonstrat | | which we | which we | -in an | | ion | | can | can draw | experiment, | -a working | that a | | generalize | cause and | each | definition | given | | findings | effect | participant | of what a | psychologic | | into real | inferences | acts as | researcher | al | | world | from a | their own | is | phenomenon | | settings | study | control | measuring | can occur | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **HEURISTIC | **DEPENDENT | **BASE | **RELIABILI | **RANDOM | | ** | VARIABLE** | RATE** | TY** | SELECTION** | | | | | | | | -mental | **-**variab | -how common | -consistenc | -procedure | | shortcut or | le | a | y | that | | rule of | that an | characteris | of | ensures | | thumb that | experimente | tic | measurement | every | | helps us | r | or | | person in a | | streamline | measures to | behaviour | | population | | our | see whether | is in the | | has an | | thinking | the | general | | equal | | and make | manipulatio | population | | chance of | | sense of | n | | | being | | our world | has had an | | | chosen to | | | effect | | | participate | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **DEMAND | **META-ANAL | **RANDOM | **BETWEEN-S | **EXPERIMEN | | CHARACTERIS | YSIS** | ASSIGNMENT* | UBJECTS | TAL | | TICS** | | * | DESIGN** | GROUP** | | | -statistica | | | | | -cues that | l | -randomly | -in an | -in an | | participant | method that | sorting | experiment, | experiment, | | s | helps | participant | researches | the group | | pick up | researches | s | assign | of | | from a | interpret | into groups | different | participant | | study that | large | | groups to | s | | allow them | bodies of | | the control | that | | to generate | psychologic | | or | receives | | guesses | al | | experimenta | the | | regarding | literature | | l | manipulatio | | the | | | condition | n | | researcher' | | | | | | s | | | | | | hypothesis | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **CASE | **INDEPENDE | **CONTROL | **EXPERIMEN | **RESPONSE | | STUDY** | NT | GROUP** | TER | SETS** | | | VARIABLE** | | EXPECTANCY | | | -research | | -in an | EFFECT** | -tendency | | design that | -variable | experiment, | | of research | | examines | that an | the group | -phenomenon | participant | | one person | experimente | of the | in which | s | | or a small | r | participant | researches | to distort | | number of | manipulates | s | hypotheses | their | | people in | | that | lead them | responses | | depth, over | | doesn't | to | to | | an extended | | receive the | unintention | questionnai | | period of | | manipulatio | ally | re | | time | | n | bias the | items | | | | | outcome of | | | | | \- | a study | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **CORRELATI | **EXPERIMEN | **ILLUSORY | **PLACEBO | **PREFRONTA | | ONAL | T** | CORRELATION | EFFECT** | L | | DESIGN** | | ** | | LOBOTOMY** | | | -research | | -improvemen | | | -research | design | -perception | t | -surgical | | design that | characteriz | of a | resulting | procedure | | examines | ed | statistical | from the | that severs | | the extent | by random | association | mere | fibres | | to which | assignment | between two | expectation | connecting | | two | of | variables | of | the frontal | | variables | participant | where none | improvement | lobes of | | are | s | exists | | the brain | | associated | to | | | from the | | | conditions | | | underlying | | | and | | | thalamus | | | manipulatio | | | | | | n | | | | | | of an | | | | | | independent | | | | | | variable | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **NATURALIS | **VALIDITY* | | | | | TIC | * | | | | | OBSERVATION | | | | | | ** | -extent to | | | | | | which a | | | | | -watching | measure | | | | | behaviour | assesses | | | | | in | what it | | | | | real-world | purports to | | | | | settings | measure | | | | | without | | | | | | trying to | | | | | | manipulate | | | | | | the | | | | | | situation | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **CHAPTER 3 | | | | | | -- | | | | | | DEFINITIONS | | | | | | ** | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **PHENOTYPE | **BRAIN | **ASSOCIATI | **FOREBRAIN | **HYPOTHALA | | ** | STEM** | ON | ** | MUS** | | | | CORTEX** | | | | -our | -part of | | -(cerebrum) | -part of | | observable | the brain | -regions of | top part of | the brain | | traits | between the | the | the brain | responsible | | | spinal cord | cerebral | that allows | for | | | and | cortex that | advanced | maintaining | | | cerebral | integrate | intellectua | a constant | | | cortex, | simpler | l | internal | | | that | functions | abilities | state | | | contains | to perform | | | | | the | more | | | | | midbrain, | complex | | | | | pons, and | functions | | | | | medulla | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **AMYGDALA* | **BASAL | **ACTION | **BROCA'S | **FRONTAL | | * | GANGLIA** | POTENTIAL** | AREA** | LOBE** | | | | | | | | -part of | -structures | -electrical | -language | -forward | | the limbic | in the | impulse | area in the | part of the | | system that | forebrain | that | prefrontal | cerebral | | modulates | that help | travels | cortex that | cortex | | attention, | to control | down the | helps to | responsible | | perception, | movement | axon | control | for motor | | and memory | | triggering | speech | function, | | based on | | the release | production | language, | | our | | of | | decision | | emotions | | neurotransm | | making and | | | | itters | | planning | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **CEREBRAL | **REFLEX** | **HINDBRAIN | **CEREBELLU | **INTERNEUR | | CORTEX** | | ** | M** | ON** | | | -an | | | | | -outermost | automatic | -region | -brain | -neuron | | part of the | motor | below the | structure | that sends | | brain | response to | midbrain | responsible | messages to | | responsible | a sensory | that | for our | other neaby | | for | stimulus | contains | sense of | neurons | | analyzing | | the | balance | | | sensory | | cerebellum, | | | | information | | pons and | | | | and higher | | medulla | | | | brain | | | | | | functions | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **DEEP | **HORMONE** | **CENTRAL | **DENDRITE* | **SYNAPTIC | | BRAIN | | NERVOUS | * | CLEFT** | | STIMULATION | -chemical | SYSTEM** | | | | ** | released | | -part of | -a gap into | | | into the | -part of | the neuron | which | | -technique | bloodstream | the nervous | that | neurotransm | | in which | that | system | receives | itters | | electrodes | influences | containing | signals | are | | and a | particular | the brain | | released | | battery | organs and | and spinal | | from the | | source are | glands | cord that | | axon | | implanted | | controls | | terminal | | in the | | the mind | | | | brain to | | and | | | | deliver | | behaviour | | | | electricity | | | | | | to specific | | | | | | brain areas | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **HERITABIL | **AUTONOMIC | **TWIN | **SOMATIC | **NEUROGENE | | ITY** | NERVOUS | STUDY** | NERVOUS | SIS** | | | SYSTEM** | | SYSTEM** | | | -percentage | | -analysis | | -creation | | of the | -part of | of how | -part of | of new | | variability | the nervous | traits | the nervous | neurons in | | in a trait | system | differ in | system that | the adult | | across | controlling | monozygotic | conveys | brain | | individuals | the | v dizygotic | information | | | that is the | involuntary | twins | between the | | | result of | actions of | | central | | | genes | our | | nervous | | | | internal | | system and | | | | organs and | | the body; | | | | glands; | | controlling | | | | along the | | coordinatin | | | | limbic | | g | | | | system; | | voluntary | | | | participate | | movement | | | | s | | | | | | emotion | | | | | | regulation | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **TEMPORAL | **PARASYMPA | **GENOTYPE* | **RESTING | **SYNAPSE** | | LOBE** | THETIC | * | POTENTIAL** | | | | NERVOUS | | | -space | | -lower part | SYSTEM** | -our | -electrical | between two | | of the | | genetic | charge | connecting | | cerebral | -division | makeup | difference | neurons | | cortex that | of the | | (-60 | through | | plays roles | autonomic | | millivolts) | which | | in hearing, | nervous | | across the | messages | | understandi | system that | | neuronal | are | | ng | controls | | membrane | transmitted | | language | rest and | | when the | chemically | | and memory | digestion | | neuron is | | | | | | not being | | | | | | stimulated | | | | | | or | | | | | | inhibited | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **GLIAL | **PONS** | **PLASTICIT | **LIMBIC | **FITNESS** | | CELL** | | Y** | SYSTEM** | | | | -part of | | | -organisms' | | -cell in | the brain | -ability of | -a network | capacity to | | the nervous | stem that | the nervous | of regions | pass on | | system that | connects | system to | involved in | their genes | | plays a | the cortex | change | emotion, | | | role in the | with the | | motivation, | | | formation | cerebellum | | learning | | | of myelin | | | and memory | | | and | | | | | | blood-brain | | | | | | barrier; | | | | | | responds to | | | | | | injury, | | | | | | removes | | | | | | debris; | | | | | | facilitates | | | | | | communicati | | | | | | on | | | | | | among | | | | | | neurons and | | | | | | enhances | | | | | | learning | | | | | | and memory | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **THALAMUS* | **SPINAL | **CEREBRAL | **CORPUS | **STEM | | * | CORD** | HEMISPHERES | CALLOSUM** | CELL** | | | | ** | | | | -gateway | -thick | | -large band | -a cell; | | from the | bundle of | -two halves | of fibres | often | | sense | nerves that | of the | connecting | originating | | organs to | conveys | cerebral | the two | in embryos; | | the primary | signals | cortex each | cerebral | having the | | sensory | between the | of which | hemispheres | capacity to | | cortex | brain and | serves | | differentia | | | the body | distinct | | te | | | | yet highly | | into a more | | | | integrated | | specialized | | | | functions | | cell | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **WERNICKE' | **ENDOCRINE | **THRESHOLD | **RETICULAR | **OCCIPITAL | | S | SYSTEM** | OF | ACTIVATING | LOBE** | | AREA** | | EXCITATION* | SYSTEM** | | | | -system of | * | | -back part | | -part of | glands and | | -brain area | of the | | the | hormones | -membrane | that plays | cerebral | | temporal | that | potential | a key role | cortex | | lobe | controls | necessary | in arousal | specialized | | involved in | secretion | to trigger | | for vision | | understandi | of | an action | | | | ng | blood-borne | potential | | | | speech and | chemical | | | | | language | messengers | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **SYNAPTIC | **DOMINANT | **ABSOLUTE | **NEURON** | **MEDULLA** | | VESICLE** | GENE** | REFRACTORY | | | | | | PERIOD** | -nerve cell | -part of | | -spherical | -gene that | | specialized | the brain | | sac | masks other | -time | for | stem | | containing | genes' | during | communicati | involved in | | neurotransm | effects | which | on | basic | | itters | | another | | functions; | | | | potential | | such as | | | | is | | heartbeat | | | | impossible; | | and | | | | limits the | | breathing | | | | maximal | | | | | | firing rate | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **GENE** | **MIDBRAIN* | **PARIETAL | **PERIPHERA | **MOTOR | | | * | LOBE** | L | CORTEX** | | -genetic | | | NERVOUS | | | material | -part of | -upper | SYSTEM** | -part of | | composed of | the brain | middle part | | the frontal | | deoxyribonu | stem that | of the | -nerves in | lobe | | cleic | contributes | cerebral | the body | responsible | | acid (DNA) | to movement | cortex | outside of | for body | | | tracking of | lying | the central | movement | | | visual | behind the | nervous | | | | stimuli; | frontal | system | | | | and | lobe that's | | | | | reflexes | specialized | | | | | triggered | for touch | | | | | by sound | and | | | | | | perception | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **PITUITARY | **ADRENAL | **SYMPATHET | **SPLIT-BRA | **EPIGENETI | | GLAND** | GLAND** | IC | IN | CS** | | | | NERVOUS | SURGERY** | | | -master | -tissue | SYSTEM** | | -a field | | gland that | located on | | -procedure | that | | under the | top of the | -division | that | examines | | control of | kidneys | of the | involves | how | | the | that | autonomic | severing | environment | | hypothalamu | releases | nervous | the corpus | al | | s; | adrenaline | system | callosum to | influences | | directs the | and | engaged | reduce the | affect the | | other | cortisol | during a | spread of | expression | | glands of | during | crisis or | epileptic | of genes | | the body | states of | after | seizures | | | | emotional | actions | | | | | arousal | requiring | | | | | | fight or | | | | | | flight | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **RECESSIVE | **LATERALIZ | **HIPPOCAMP | **RECEPTOR | **PREFRONTA | | GENE** | ATION** | US** | SITE** | L | | | | | | CORTEX** | | -gene that | -cognitive | -part of | -location | | | is | function | the brain | that | -part of | | expressed | that relies | that plays | uniquely | the frontal | | only in the | more on one | a role in | recognizes | lobe | | absence of | side of the | spatial | a | responsible | | dominant | brain than | memory | neurotransm | for | | gene | the other | | itter | thinking; | | | | | | planning | | | | | | and | | | | | | language | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **CEREBRAL | **CHROMOSOM | **MYELIN | **ADOPTION | **REUPTAKE* | | VENTRICLES* | E** | SHEATH** | STUDY** | * | | * | | | | | | | -slender | -glial | -analysis | -means of | | -pockets in | thread | cells | of how | recycling | | the brain | inside a | wrapped | traits vary | neurotransm | | that | cell's | around | in | itters | | contain | nucleus | axons that | individuals | | | cerebrospin | that | act as | raised | | | al | carries | insulators | apart from | | | fluid which | genes | of the | their | | | provide the | | neuron's | biological | | | brain with | | signal | relatives | | | nutrients | | | | | | and cushion | | | | | | against | | | | | | injury | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **PRIMARY | **AXON** | **NEUROTRAN | | | | SENSORY | | SMITTER** | | | | CORTEX** | -portion of | | | | | | neuron that | -chemical | | | | -regions of | sends | messenger | | | | the | signals | specialized | | | | cerebral | | for | | | | cortex that | | communicati | | | | initially | | on | | | | process | | from neuron | | | | information | | to neuron | | | | from the | | | | | | senses | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+