psych ch 6

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Questions and Answers

What type of conditioning is primarily associated with unconscious processes?

Operant conditioning

Observational learning

Cognitive learning

Classical conditioning (correct)

In operant conditioning, what typically follows a behavior to encourage its recurrence?

Neutral response

Reinforcement (correct)

Association

Punishment

What kind of learning adds social and cognitive layers to basic associative processes?

Operant conditioning

Cognitive learning

Classical conditioning

Observational learning (correct)

What is the initial response of a dog named Hodor when instructed to sit before receiving a treat?

Ignoring the command Signup and view all the answers

What explains the association of the flash of lightning with the subsequent sound of thunder?

Classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the consequence of a behavior in operant conditioning?

It can include both reinforcement and punishment. Signup and view all the answers

Why do researchers focus on observable behaviors in the study of classical conditioning?

They are easier to analyze than internal thoughts. Signup and view all the answers

What might happen if a dog receives a small shock when crossing an invisible electric fence?

Avoidance of crossing the boundary Signup and view all the answers

What does Watson's behaviorism primarily focus on?

Observable behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a significant influence on John B. Watson's ideas?

Pavlov's classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

In the experiments with Little Albert, what was the primary method used to condition fear?

Classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stimuli was Little Albert initially exposed to in the conditioning experiments?

Neutral stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best summarizes Watson's view on the legitimacy of psychology as a science?

It must focus on measurable behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main outcome of Watson and Rayner's experiments with Little Albert?

Conditioning of a fear response. Signup and view all the answers

How did Watson's ideas contrast with Freudian psychology?

Watson focused on observable behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Watson believe could be extended from animal behavior to human behavior?

Conditioned reflexes Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement schedule is exemplified by a hospital patient using patient-controlled pain relief after a specific time interval?

Fixed interval schedule Signup and view all the answers

During which reinforcement schedule do individuals typically experience significant pauses after reinforcement is received?

Fixed interval schedule Signup and view all the answers

Which reinforcement schedule leads to a high response rate without significant pauses after reinforcement is delivered?

Variable ratio schedule Signup and view all the answers

What behavior is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?

A person checking social media at random times Signup and view all the answers

How does a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule operate in terms of responses?

Reinforcement occurs after a specific number of responses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios illustrates the concept of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?

Playing a slot machine that pays out after an unpredictable number of plays Signup and view all the answers

What result is commonly associated with a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

Moderate response rate with significant pauses Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would you expect a moderate yet steady response rate to occur?

Receiving emails periodically over time Signup and view all the answers

What were the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in Watson's experiment with Little Albert?

White rat; loud sound Signup and view all the answers

What is the conditioned response (CR) demonstrated by Little Albert after the conditioning?

Fear of the white rat Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon did Little Albert display when he showed fear towards objects similar to the white rat?

Stimulus generalization Signup and view all the answers

What was John Watson's primary intention in conditioning Little Albert?

To produce a phobia through conditioning alone Signup and view all the answers

Why would Watson's experiment with Little Albert be considered unethical by today's standards?

It caused unnecessary distress to a child Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the psychological principles highlighted by Watson's research?

Classical conditioning can lead to emotional responses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the white rat and the loud sound at the beginning of the experiment?

The rat was a playful stimulus, while the sound elicited fear Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of Little Albert's mother's decision to move away?

The experiment ceased without further observation Signup and view all the answers

What response pattern is associated with the Pxed interval schedule?

Scallop-shaped response pattern Signup and view all the answers

What does a variable-ratio reinforcement schedule often lead to in terms of behavior?

Persistent behavior Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the brain's reward system related to gambling?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

According to Skinner, what is the effect of a variable-ratio schedule in gambling?

It encourages gambling by returning some money. Signup and view all the answers

What does modern research suggest about 'near misses' in gambling?

They increase dopamine activity. Signup and view all the answers

How did the DSM-5 classify gambling in its latest version?

As an addiction Signup and view all the answers

What was Skinner's perspective on the potential for creating a pathological gambler?

It can be achieved through various reinforcement schedules. Signup and view all the answers

What have recent studies indicated about the relationship between variable-ratio schedules and pathological gambling?

They may contribute alongside brain chemistry factors. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Unconditioned stimulus = A stimulus that naturally triggers a response Conditioned response = A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus Extinction = The gradual weakening of a conditioned response Negative punishment = Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with the appropriate examples:

Higher order conditioning = Conditioning fear of a white rat to also fear other furry objects Shaping = Rewarding successive approximations towards a desired behavior Stimulus generalization = Responding similarly to stimuli that are not identical Fixed ratio schedule = Rewards given after a set number of responses Signup and view all the answers

Match the following researchers with their findings:

Pavlov = Studied conditioned responses in dogs Watson = Conditioned fear in Little Albert Skinner = Investigated reinforcement schedules Rayner = Assisted in the Little Albert experiment Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their characteristics:

Positive reinforcement = Adding a pleasant stimulus to encourage a behavior Positive punishment = Adding an unpleasant stimulus to discourage a behavior Negative reinforcement = Removing an unpleasant stimulus to encourage a behavior Conditioned stimulus = A previously neutral stimulus that gains the ability to elicit a response Signup and view all the answers

Match the following behaviors with their reinforcement schedules:

Slot machines = Variable ratio schedule Paycheck every two weeks = Fixed interval schedule Surprise quizzes = Variable interval schedule Collecting reward points = Fixed ratio schedule Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to classical conditioning with their correct definitions:

UCS = Unconditioned Stimulus, naturally elicits a response CS = Conditioned Stimulus, previously neutral that elicits a response after conditioning UCR = Unconditioned Response, natural reaction to UCS CR = Conditioned Response, learned reaction to CS Signup and view all the answers

Match the example with the appropriate conditioning concept:

Moisha's nausea from syringes = Higher-order conditioning Tiger's excitement to the can opener = Classical conditioning Squeaky cabinet leading to excitement = Higher-order conditioning Bell with syringe and nausea = Unsuccessful conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Match the examples of stimuli with their roles in conditioning:

Electric can opener = Conditioned Stimulus (CS) for Tiger Food for Tiger = Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Squeak of the cabinet = Higher-order Conditioned Stimulus Tiger's excitement = Conditioned Response (CR) Signup and view all the answers

Match the stimulus type with the correct example from the text:

Unconditioned Stimulus = Cat food Conditioned Stimulus = Sound of the electric can opener Unconditioned Response = Tiger's excitement upon receiving food Conditioned Response = Excitement when hearing the squeak Signup and view all the answers

Match the process or term with its description:

Higher-order conditioning = Pairing a CS with a new neutral stimulus Classical conditioning = Learning through association Unconditioned Stimulus and unconditioned response = Natural reactions before conditioning Conditioned response = Learned reaction to a new stimulus after conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Match the name with their conditioned response context:

Moisha = Nausea in response to syringes Tiger = Excitement from the sound of the can opener Squeaky cabinet = Triggers excitement due to previous association Bell = Does not create a conditioned response on its own Signup and view all the answers

Match the scenario with its conditioning outcome:

Ringing a bell and syringe = Unsuccessful conditioning for nausea Moisha and doctor’s office = Higher-order conditioning with syringes Tiger hearing the can opener = Classical conditioning leading to excitement Squeak and food = Higher-order conditioning outcome Signup and view all the answers

Match the components of the scenarios with their roles:

Food for Tiger = UCS triggering excitement Syringe in doctor's office = CS leading to nausea Cabinet squeak = New CS eliciting excitement Sound of can opener = Previously established CS Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Time-out = Negative punishment where a child is removed from a desirable activity Negative punishment = The removal of a stimulus to decrease a behavior Positive reinforcement = Providing a reward to increase a behavior Behavior modification = Techniques used to change behavior patterns Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of a time-out to their significance:

Duration of time-out = One minute for each year of the child's age Location during time-out = Less desirable place away from activities Caregiver's demeanor = Remain calm and ignore the child during time-out Post time-out interaction = Provide a hug or kind word at the end Signup and view all the answers

Match the example to the appropriate type of reinforcement schedule:

Hospital patient controlling pain relief = Fixed interval reinforcement Rat pressing lever for food = Positive reinforcement Slot machines in casinos = Variable ratio reinforcement Child receiving praise for chores = Positive reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts in behavior modification with their applications:

Ignoring a child during time-out = Avoids reinforcing misbehavior Removing a child from a fun activity = Encourages decrease in undesirable behavior Setting a timer for time-out = Helps children understand duration Giving positive feedback after time-out = Reinforces appropriate behavior after misbehavior Signup and view all the answers

Match the behavioral terms with their descriptions:

Conditioned Response = An automatic response to a previously neutral stimulus Unconditioned Stimulus = A stimulus that naturally triggers a response Operant Conditioning = Learning through consequences of behavior Reinforcement Schedule = A rule stating when a behavior will be reinforced Signup and view all the answers

Match the people to their contributions in behavior modification:

Abigail Batchelder = Discussed techniques for behavior modification B.F. Skinner = Developed principles of operant conditioning John B. Watson = Pioneered behaviorism concepts Simone Ramella = Modified work related to behavior change Signup and view all the answers

Match the following behaviors to their corresponding principles:

Child throws blocks and is removed from play = Time-out application Rat receives food for pressing lever = Positive reinforcement example Child sits in a corner for misbehavior = Example of time-out Group of kids receiving praise for sharing = Positive reinforcement in social behavior Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics to their respective behavioral modification techniques:

Time-out length = One minute for each year of age Avoidance of caregiver attention during time-out = Prevents reinforcing misbehavior A calm demeanor by the caregiver = Helps maintain authority and respect Using a timer = Provides clarity on duration of time-out Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Spontaneous Recovery = The reappearance of a conditioned response after a break Stimulus Discrimination = Responding differently to various similar stimuli Conditioned Stimulus = A previously neutral stimulus that triggers a conditioned response Stimulus Generalization = Giving a conditioned response to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Match the animal examples with the conditioning concepts they illustrate:

Pavlov's dogs = Stimulus Discrimination Tiger the cat = Stimulus Generalization Moisha the cancer patient = Stimulus Discrimination Tiger's reaction to the electric mixer = Stimulus Generalization Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes with their characteristics:

Acquisition = The strengthening of a learned association Extinction = The weakening of a learned association Conditioned Response = The learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus Unconditioned Stimulus = A stimulus that naturally triggers a response Signup and view all the answers

Match the following scenarios with the corresponding conditioning concept:

Tiger runs to the kitchen at the sound of the can opener = Conditioned Response A dog responds differently to the sound of a bell and a doorbell = Stimulus Discrimination A cat reacts to a sound similar to its food preparation sound = Stimulus Generalization Moisha feels ill only when visiting her oncologist = Stimulus Discrimination Signup and view all the answers

Match the following behavioral patterns to their definitions:

Conditioned Response = The reaction to the conditioned stimulus Neutral Stimulus = A stimulus that initially elicits no response Unconditioned Response = A natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus Conditioned Association = The link established between a conditioned stimulus and conditioned response Signup and view all the answers

Match the following examples to the correct conditioning terms:

Dogs salivating at the sound of a bell = Conditioned Response Moisha feeling no illness while visiting non-oncologists = Stimulus Discrimination Tiger ignoring the sound of the electric mixer = Stimulus Discrimination Fear of rats due to loud noises = Conditioned Response Signup and view all the answers

Match the following psychological terms to their explanations:

Classical Conditioning = Learning to associate a neutral stimulus with a response Operant Conditioning = Learning through consequences of behavior Conditioning = The process of learning associations between stimuli Learning Processes = The mechanisms by which associations are formed or disrupted Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their corresponding examples:

Stimulus Generalization = Tiger reacts to sounds similar to the can opener Stimulus Discrimination = Moisha knows which doctor visits make her sick Spontaneous Recovery = You feel hungry at the sound of a food truck after some time Conditioned Response = Tiger runs to the sound of food preparation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to Pavlov's conditioning with their definitions:

Acquisition = The initial learning phase where a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. Extinction = The decrease of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus. Spontaneous Recovery = The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a pause. Conditioned Response = The learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of Pavlov's experiment with their descriptions:

Neutral Stimulus = The sound of the ice cream truck before conditioning. Unconditioned Stimulus = The taste of the chocolate ice cream that causes salivation. Conditioned Stimulus = The sound of the ice cream truck after conditioning. Unconditioned Response = The salivation occurring in response to the chocolate ice cream. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phases of conditioning with their characteristics:

Acquisition = Conditioned response becomes stronger with repeated pairing. Extinction = Conditioned response weakens as the conditioned stimulus is presented alone. Rest period = Time when no conditioned or unconditioned stimuli are presented. Spontaneous Recovery = Conditioned response reappears after a break from conditioning. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following scenarios with their corresponding process in classical conditioning:

Hearing the ice cream truck's music and salivating after repeated pairings = Acquisition Not salivating when hearing the music after no ice cream is available = Extinction Suddenly salivating again after a few days of hearing the truck's jingle = Spontaneous Recovery Getting excited about ice cream before even tasting it = Conditioned Response Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their associated examples from Pavlov's scenario:

Conditioned Stimulus = Music from the ice cream truck after the conditioning. Unconditioned Stimulus = The actual taste of the chocolate ice cream. Unconditioned Response = Salivation in response to eating chocolate ice cream. Conditioned Response = Salivation in response to hearing the ice cream truck's music. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to the processes of learning in Pavlov's theory:

Acquisition = Learning through pairing stimuli. Extinction = Loss of response due to lack of reinforcement. Spontaneous Recovery = Recurrence of response after a rest period. Conditioned Response = Behavior that is learned and triggered by a stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements of the chocolate ice cream conditioning scenario to their definitions:

Neutral Stimulus = The sound of the ice cream truck before any conditioning. Conditioned Stimulus = The sound of the truck that now causes salivation. Unconditioned Response = The natural reaction of salivating when tasting ice cream. Conditioned Response = The learned reaction of salivating upon hearing the truck's music. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with the correct learning effect seen in Pavlov's experiment:

Acquisition = Strengthened response through repeated pairings. Extinction = Weakening of response when stimulus is presented alone. Spontaneous Recovery = Return of response after a period without conditioning. Conditioned Response = Learned behavior triggered by a previously neutral stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What does extinction refer to in classical conditioning?

The loss of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer presented. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of operant conditioning, what does positive reinforcement involve?

Presenting a rewarding stimulus following a behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning?

Differentiating responses based on the condition of stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

The reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction. Signup and view all the answers

How does the law of effect relate to operant conditioning?

It suggests that consequences influence the likelihood of behavior recurrence. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of response is typically associated with stimulus generalization?

Responding identically to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What technique is employed in operant conditioning to promote desired behaviors?

Utilizing positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the initial process of learning in classical conditioning?

Acquisition Signup and view all the answers

What is learning defined as in this context?

A permanent change resulting from interaction with the environment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes reflexes in newborns?

Innate behaviors crucial for survival Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes instincts from reflexes?

Instincts result from maturation and seasonal changes Signup and view all the answers

What role do associative learning processes play in behavior?

They help in understanding behavior through environment interactions Signup and view all the answers

How are primitive reflexes beneficial to infants?

They aid in immediate physical responses for survival Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of learning is highlighted when discussing Vygotsky's views?

Learning as a process involving interaction with others Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario exemplifies classical conditioning?

A dog salivating at the sound of a bell after being fed Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of associative learning in psychology?

The connections made between different stimuli or events Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between positive punishment and negative punishment?

Positive punishment adds an undesired stimulus, while negative punishment removes a pleasant stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

Which process allows for gradual behavior change through steps towards a desired behavior?

Shaping Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement schedule occurs unpredictably and does not happen every time the desired behavior is exhibited?

Partial reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms describes the mental representation utilized for navigation or solving problems?

Cognitive map Signup and view all the answers

Which explanation best fits the concept of latent learning?

Learning happens without any behavioral change until a reason to demonstrate it arises. Signup and view all the answers

How can observational learning influence behavior?

Individuals are more inclined to imitate behaviors that are reinforced in others. Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement is most effective for establishing and maintaining desired behaviors?

Continuous reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

Reinforcement is provided after a specific number of responses. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Associative Learning

Associative learning is the core concept behind classical, operant, and observational learning
Classical learning is primarily unconscious
Operant conditioning is primarily conscious
Observational learning combines conscious and unconscious processes

Classical Conditioning

Previously neutral stimuli can be associated with other stimuli to trigger responses
This is also known as Pavlovian conditioning
Example: Seeing lightning and hearing thunder can trigger an instinctive jump due to the association of these stimuli

Operant Conditioning

Organisms learn to associate behaviors with particular consequences
Rewards (reinforcements) encourage repetition of the rewarded behavior
Punishments discourage certain behaviors
Example: A dog learning to sit for a treat

John B Watson

Founder of behaviorism
Believed all behavior is the result of stimulus-response conditioning
Focused on observable, measurable actions to study psychology
Believed internal mental processes could not be reliably studied
Studied the conditioning of emotions
Famous experiment involved “Little Albert” to explore the conditioning of fear

Little Albert Experiment

Little Albert was initially unafraid of neutral stimuli (rat, rabbit, dog, etc.)
Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat by pairing it with a loud noise (striking a metal bar)
Albert developed a fear of the white rat alone, demonstrating fear conditioning
This showed that fear could be conditioned through simple association
Albert later exhibited stimulus generalization - fear of other furry objects
The experiment is considered unethical by modern standards

Reinforcement Schedules

Fixed interval schedule: Reward is delivered at predictable time intervals (example: hospital patient using pain relief)
Variable interval schedule: Reward is delivered at unpredictable time intervals (example: checking social media)
Fixed Ratio Schedule: Reward is delivered after a predictable number of responses (example: piece work in a factory)
Variable Ratio Schedule: Reward is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses (example: gambling)

Gambling and the Brain

Variable ratio schedules are highly effective in maintaining behavior, as unpredictability keeps the organism engaged (example: gambling)
Variable ratio schedules can be linked to addictive behaviors, as even near-misses can trigger a reward response in the brain
Modern research supports the idea that gambling activates reward centers in the brain that use the neurotransmitter dopamine
Dopamine release from near-misses is similar to the effects of addictive drugs like cocaine and heroin
Based on brain evidence, the DSM-5 now classifies gambling as an addiction, not merely an impulse control disorder.

Classical Conditioning

Moisha, a cancer patient, associates the doctor's office and the syringe with chemotherapy drugs, demonstrating higher-order conditioning.
Tiger, a cat, learns to associate the sound of the electric can opener with food, an example of classical conditioning.
Higher-order conditioning involves pairing a new neutral stimulus with an established conditioned stimulus, creating a second-order conditioned response.
Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of extinction.
Stimulus discrimination occurs when an organism learns to respond differently to similar stimuli, for example, Tiger distinguishing between the sound of the can opener and the electric mixer.
Stimulus generalization occurs when an organism demonstrates a conditioned response to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus, like Tiger potentially responding to the electric mixer if it sounds similar to the electric can opener.

Operant Conditioning

Time-out is a form of negative punishment where a child is removed from a desirable activity to decrease undesirable behavior.
Time-out is effective when the child is removed from a desirable activity and placed in a less desirable location.
Length of time-out should be one minute per year of the child's age.

Reinforcement Schedules

Positive reinforcement strengthens a behavior by adding a pleasant stimulus.
Negative reinforcement strengthens a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus.
Positive punishment weakens a behavior by adding an unpleasant stimulus.
Negative punishment weakens a behavior by removing a pleasant stimulus.
Primary reinforcers are naturally reinforcing, like food, water, and sex.
Money is a secondary reinforcer.
Shaping involves rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior.
Slot machines use a variable ratio reinforcement schedule, where rewards are given after an unpredictable number of responses.

Learning

Learning is the permanent change in behaviour that occurs as we interact with our environment.
Learning involves both innate and environmental factors.
Reflexes and instincts are unlearned behaviours present at birth.

Associative Learning

Associative learning is a fundamental element of understanding how both humans and animals learn.

Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning involves learning through associating stimuli and anticipated events.
Classical conditioning explains how animals learn to associate a neutral stimulus with a response that is usually triggered by a different stimulus.
Classical conditioning involves an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), unconditioned response (UCR), neutral stimulus (NS), conditioned stimulus (CS), and conditioned response (CR).
Classical conditioning was first studied by Ivan Pavlov.

Classical Conditioning Processes

Acquisition is the initial process of learning a new association.
Extinction occurs when the conditioned response (CR) no longer occurs in the presence of the conditioned stimulus (CS).
Spontaneous recovery is when the conditioned response reappears after extinction.
Stimulus discrimination occurs when an organism learns to differentiate between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and other stimuli.
Stimulus generalization occurs when a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS) produces the same response as the original stimulus.

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning explains learning through associating behaviour and its consequence.
Operant conditioning emphasizes the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behaviour.
Operant conditioning is based on the Law of Effect, which states that behaviours followed by rewarding consequences are more likely to be repeated.

Operant Conditioning Processes

Positive reinforcement involves presenting a stimulus after a behaviour to increase the likelihood of that behaviour occurring again.
Negative reinforcement involves removing an undesirable stimulus after a behaviour to increase the likelihood of that behaviour occurring again.
Positive punishment involves adding an undesirable stimulus after a behaviour to decrease the likelihood of that behaviour occurring again.
Negative punishment involves removing a pleasant stimulus after a behaviour to decrease the likelihood of that behaviour occurring again.
Shaping is a process in which behaviours are gradually modified to achieve a desired outcome.
Continuous reinforcement is a reinforcement schedule in which a reward is given every time a desired behaviour occurs.
Partial reinforcement is a reinforcement schedule in which a reward is given only sometimes after a desired behaviour occurs.
Cognitive maps provide a mental representation of an environment.
Latent learning is learning that occurs without immediate reinforcement and only becomes apparent when there is a motivation to demonstrate it.

Observational Learning

Observational learning is an important part of how people and animals learn and involves observing and imitating other people's behaviors, especially if the observer sees that the modeled behaviour is reinforced.

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of associative learning, including classical, operant, and observational conditioning. This quiz delves into how these learning processes shape behavior and the contributions of key figures like John B. Watson in the field of psychology.