Questions and Answers
What is learning?
A relatively permanent change in skill or understanding.
What is associative learning?
Learning that certain events occur together.
What is classical conditioning?
A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate events.
Who is Pavlov?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an unconditioned response (UR)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a conditioned response (CR)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is acquisition in classical conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is extinction in classical conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is spontaneous recovery?
Signup and view all the answers
What is generalization in classical conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is discrimination in classical conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the Law of Effect?
Signup and view all the answers
What is shaping?
Signup and view all the answers
What is chaining?
Signup and view all the answers
What is primary reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
What is secondary reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
What is positive reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
What is negative reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a continuous schedule of reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a fixed interval schedule?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a fixed ratio schedule?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a variable ratio schedule?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a variable interval schedule?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a token economy?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Learning Concepts
- Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in skill or understanding.
- Associative learning involves linking certain events, which can include stimuli pairings (classical conditioning) or responses with consequences (operant conditioning).
Classical Conditioning
- Classical conditioning is a learning process where an organism associates a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus (US), leading to a learned response.
- Reflexive and automatic responses are characteristic of classical conditioning.
Key Figures
- Ivan Pavlov, a physiologist known for his work on digestion, discovered the principles of classical conditioning through experiments with dogs.
Stimuli and Responses
- Unconditioned Stimulus (US): A stimulus that automatically elicits a response without prior learning.
- Unconditioned Response (UR): The automatic response produced by the unconditioned stimulus.
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previously neutral stimulus that begins to elicit a conditioned response (CR) after being paired with the US.
- Conditioned Response (CR): A learned response that occurs in reaction to the conditioned stimulus.
Learning Processes
- Acquisition: The process where the conditioned stimulus begins to evoke the conditioned response; this is the foundational stage of leaning in both classical and operant conditioning.
- Extinction: The reduction of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus, or when a response is no longer reinforced.
- Spontaneous Recovery: The re-emergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period.
Generalization and Discrimination
- Generalization occurs when a similar stimulus to the conditioned stimulus also evokes the conditioned response.
- Discrimination is the ability to distinguish between different stimuli, allowing specific responses to occur only with the conditioned stimulus.
Operant Conditioning Principles
- Law of Effect: Proposed by Thorndike, this principle states that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by negative outcomes are less likely to recur.
- Shaping: A technique used to teach new behaviors by reinforcing successive approximations towards a desired behavior.
- Chaining involves linking together a series of behaviors to form a complex behavior sequence.
Reinforcement Types
- Primary Reinforcement: Involves stimuli that do not require learning to appreciate (e.g., food, water).
- Secondary Reinforcement: Involves stimuli that require learning to appreciate (e.g., money, praise).
- Positive Reinforcement: The introduction of a favorable event to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
- Negative Reinforcement: The removal of an aversive stimulus to increase the future likelihood of a behavior.
Reinforcement Schedules
- Continuous Schedule: Reinforcement is applied every time the behavior occurs.
- Fixed Interval: Reinforcement is provided after a set amount of time has passed.
- Fixed Ratio: Reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses.
- Variable Ratio: Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses, making it more resistant to extinction.
- Variable Interval: Reinforcement is given after a varying amount of time, resulting in steady responses.
Token Economy
- A behavioral strategy where individuals earn tokens for desired behaviors, which can later be exchanged for various rewards, applying operant conditioning principles.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your understanding of key concepts in associative learning from AP Psychology. This set of flashcards covers essential terminology such as learning, associative learning, and classical conditioning. Enhance your knowledge and prepare for exams with this engaging study tool.