Psychology Chapter: Behavioral Approaches

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Questions and Answers

What is required for the development of a disorder according to the diathesis-stress model?

Only a trigger or stress

Only an existing diathesis

A cognitive-behavioral therapy approach

Both a diathesis and a trigger (correct)

What describes the process of learning that occurs through reinforcement and punishment?

Observational learning

Operant conditioning (correct)

Modeling

Classical conditioning

Which type of reinforcement schedule provides rewards continuously for a behavior?

Partial reinforcement schedule

Fixed interval schedule

Continuous reinforcement schedule (correct)

Variable ratio schedule

What is the primary focus of dialectical behavior therapy?

Managing negative emotions and impulsive behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes systematic desensitization therapy?

Gradual exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the superego in Freud's structural model of the psyche?

To impose rules and regulations for behavior Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, what is the term for the response that is naturally produced by an unconditioned stimulus?

Unconditioned response Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Oedipus complex?

Boys developing attraction to their mother and rivalry with their father Signup and view all the answers

Which component of Freud's structural model is primarily concerned with immediate gratification of desires?

Id Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario is observational learning most likely to occur?

Imitating the success behaviors of a respected colleague Signup and view all the answers

What process best describes the gradual method used in systematic desensitization therapy?

Gradual exposure to anxiety triggers Signup and view all the answers

Which concept refers to the assumption made about the cause of an event?

Causal attribution Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the thalamus in the brain?

Directs information from sense receptors to the cerebrum Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in inhibiting the action of other neurotransmitters?

GABA Signup and view all the answers

What role do epigenetics play in psychological disorders?

They affect the expression of heritable genes based on environmental conditions. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug is used primarily to reduce the symptoms of depression?

Antidepressant drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic side effect of lithium as a mood stabilizer?

Blurred vision Signup and view all the answers

The process by which the receiving neurons release an enzyme to break down neurotransmitters is known as what?

Degradation Signup and view all the answers

Which therapeutic technique involves inducing a seizure by passing electrical current through the brain?

Electroconvulsive therapy Signup and view all the answers

Which approach focuses on the influence of reinforcements in producing behavior?

Behavioral approaches Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Diathesis-Stress Model

Disorders require both a predisposition (diathesis) and a triggering event (stress).

Transdiagnostic Risk Factors

Factors that increase the likelihood of psychological problems in general.

Cerebral Cortex

The outer layer of the cerebrum.
Plays a role in many advanced thinking processes.

Psychosurgery

Prefrontal lobotomy: severing connections between frontal lobes and other brain areas.

Behavioral Approaches

Focus on how reinforcements and punishments shape behavior.

Classical Conditioning

Unconditioned Stimulus (US): naturally triggers a response.
Unconditioned Response (UR): response to the US.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): previously neutral stimulus.
Conditioned Response (CR): response to the CS.

Operant Conditioning

Behaviors followed by rewards are strengthened (law of effect).

Reinforcement Schedules

Continuous reinforcement: reward/punishment occurs every time a behavior happens.
Partial reinforcement: reward/punishment occurs only sometimes.

Extinction

Eliminating a learned behavior.

Modeling and Observational Learning

Learning by imitating observed behaviors and the outcomes associated with them.

Systematic Desensitization

Gradual method to reduce anxiety responses to stimuli.

Causal Attribution

Explanations for why an event happened.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Combines cognitive and behavioral techniques.

Psychoanalytic Theory

Id

Source of libido (sexual energy), seeking immediate pleasure.

Ego

Mediates between the id and external reality, seeking to satisfy needs.

Superego

Internalized rules and standards for behavior.

Psychosexual Stages

Oedipus complex: boys desire mothers, resent fathers.
Electra complex: girls desire fathers, seek for a "penis".

Object Relations

Early relationships shape unconscious mental representations.

Classic Psychoanalysis

Typically involves 3-4 sessions per week over years.
Focuses on interpreting transference and resistance.

Modern Psychodynamic Therapy

Shorter duration (weeks or even 12 weeks).
Emphasizes current situations and symptom relief.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

Focuses on managing negative emotions and impulsive behaviors.
Focuses on managing negative emotions and impulsive behaviors.
Specific cognitive and behavioral techniques likely addressed in the text but not covered here.

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Description

Explore the foundations of behavioral psychology in this quiz, which covers key concepts such as the diathesis-stress model, classical and operant conditioning, and the role of reinforcement. Test your understanding of how these principles apply to mental disorders and behavior modification techniques.