Psychology Chapter on Classical Conditioning
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Questions and Answers

What happens when an animal is exposed to a tuning fork without food over time?

  • The animal stops salivating (correct)
  • The animal begins to associate the tuning fork with a negative experience
  • The animal continues to expect food every time
  • The animal salivates stronger than before

Spontaneous recovery occurs when a conditioned response reappears after a pause in extinction.

True (A)

How does falling in love relate to classical conditioning?

Falling in love creates strong associations and feelings, similar to the association between a stimulus and a response in classical conditioning.

When an unconditioned stimulus is removed, the conditioned response may go through a process called __________.

<p>extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the concepts to their definitions:

<p>Extinction = The disappearance of a conditioned response Spontaneous Recovery = Reappearance of a conditioned response after a pause Conditioned Response = Response elicited by the conditioned stimulus Unconditioned Stimulus = Stimulus that naturally triggers a response</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the absence of the unconditioned stimulus have on the conditioned response?

<p>It leads to extinction of the conditioned response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person can still experience positive feelings about an ex-partner despite negative experiences after a breakup.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'unconditioned stimulus'?

<p>It is a stimulus that naturally elicits a response without any prior conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when the unconditioned stimulus is removed in classical conditioning?

<p>Extinction of the conditioned response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Generalization refers to how different stimuli can trigger the same conditioned response.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is associated with the Law of Effect?

<p>Edward L. Thorndike</p> Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, _____ is used to decrease the likelihood of an action being repeated.

<p>punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms to their definitions:

<p>Reinforcement = Increases the likelihood of behavior Extinction = Decrease in conditioned response over time Generalization = Similar responses to different stimuli Operant conditioning = Learning through consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the concept of classical conditioning?

<p>A preparation response distinct from an unconditioned response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, behaviors are shaped continuously through reinforcement and punishment.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What device did B.F. Skinner create to study operant conditioning?

<p>Operant chamber (Skinner box)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms describes the process of associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response?

<p>Classical conditioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement mean the same thing.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

<p>Classical conditioning involves associating stimuli, while operant conditioning involves behavior and consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Pavlov's experiment, the __________ was the unconditioned stimulus that naturally triggered a response.

<p>food</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the concepts of learning with their definitions:

<p>Classical Conditioning = Learning through associations Operant Conditioning = Learning through consequences Observational Learning = Learning by watching others Extinction = Decrease in response due to lack of reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reinforcement schedule would you use to maximize a specific behavior over time?

<p>Variable ratio (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one brain mechanism likely involved in observational learning.

<p>Mirror neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Punishment is considered an effective teaching method for promoting positive behaviors.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

<p>Taking painkillers to eliminate pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Positive punishment increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule involve?

<p>Reinforcing a behavior after a specified number of responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, a __________ is anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

<p>reinforcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of reinforcement schedules with their definitions:

<p>Continuous reinforcement = Behavior is reinforced every time it occurs Variable-ratio schedule = Reinforcement is given after an unpredictable number of responses Fixed-interval schedule = Reinforcement is provided after a specified time period Variable-interval schedule = Reinforcement is given after an unpredictable time interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major drawback of physical punishment?

<p>It increases the understanding of appropriate behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Operant conditioning primarily involves voluntary behaviors and their consequences.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between classical and operant conditioning?

<p>Classical conditioning associates involuntary responses with stimuli, while operant conditioning associates voluntary behavior with consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is latent learning?

<p>Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Operant conditioning involves learning through direct observation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the significance of Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment in learning.

<p>It demonstrated that children could learn aggressive behaviors through observation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When animals learn to imitate behaviors they observe, this is called ______ learning.

<p>observational</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates a cognitive map?

<p>A rat navigating a maze after exploring without rewards. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their definitions:

<p>Intrinsic motivation = Doing something because one finds it personally rewarding Extrinsic motivation = Doing something for external rewards or pressures Modeling = Learning by observing and imitating others Mirror neurons = Neurons that fire both when an action is performed and when it is observed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Excessive rewards may enhance intrinsic motivation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do mirror neurons play in learning?

<p>They are believed to facilitate imitation and understanding of others' actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option best describes the focus of operant conditioning?

<p>Learning through reinforcement and punishment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Organisms are more likely to learn unnatural behaviors compared to natural behaviors.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do organisms develop in classical conditioning to signal the arrival of an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

<p>Conditioned stimulus (CS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, organisms develop an expectation that a response will be __________ based on previous experiences.

<p>reinforced or punished</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their correct descriptions:

<p>Biological influences = Constrains what stimuli and responses can be associated Cognitive influences = Develop expectations about reinforcement Natural behaviors = Behaviors that are instinctual and easily learned Latent Learning = Learning that occurs without reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major characteristic of classical conditioning?

<p>Association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Expectations in cognition can influence whether an organism will respond to a stimulus.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might happen if an organism is taught an unnatural behavior?

<p>It may revert to its natural habits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Extinction

The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of extinction, even when the unconditioned stimulus is not present.

Classical Conditioning

The process of pairing a neutral stimulus (NS) with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to create a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits a conditioned response (CR).

Acquisition

The initial stage of classical conditioning where a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, leading to the formation of an association between the two.

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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A stimulus that naturally elicits a response without prior learning.

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a conditioned response.

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Conditioned Response (CR)

A learned response to a conditioned stimulus that is elicited after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.

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Unconditioned Response (UCR)

The initial response to an unconditioned stimulus that is naturally elicited without prior learning.

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Learning

The process of gaining new information or behaviors through experience. It involves learning through association, consequences, and the acquisition of mental information.

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Expression/Conditioned Response

The conditioned response (CR) is elicited by the conditioned stimulus (CS) after learning has occurred. The CR is often similar to the unconditioned response (UR).

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Higher-Order Conditioning

When a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with a new neutral stimulus (NS), the new NS gains the ability to elicit the conditioned response (CR).

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Operant Conditioning

A type of conditioning that involves learning through the consequences of behavior. An organism learns to associate behaviors with their consequences, increasing or decreasing the likelihood of the behavior.

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Generalization

The tendency for a conditioned response to occur to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

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Discrimination

The ability to distinguish between stimuli that signal an unconditioned stimulus and those that do not.

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Law of Effect

A principle stating that behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by negative consequences are less likely to be repeated.

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Operant Chamber (Skinner Box)

A device used in operant conditioning research to study animal behavior. It includes a lever or button that an animal can press to receive a reward (e.g., food).

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Reinforcement

A type of consequence that strengthens a behavior by adding something pleasant. It makes a behavior more likely to be repeated.

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Positive Reinforcement

The process of strengthening a behavior by presenting a desirable stimulus after the behavior occurs.

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Negative Reinforcement

The process of strengthening a behavior by removing an undesirable stimulus after the behavior occurs.

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Primary Reinforcer

A stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food, water, or sex.

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Conditioned (Secondary) Reinforcer

A stimulus that has acquired reinforcing properties through association with a primary reinforcer.

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Reinforcement Schedules

A schedule that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced.

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Positive Punishment

A type of punishment that involves presenting an undesirable stimulus after a behavior occurs.

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Negative Punishment

A type of punishment that involves removing a desirable stimulus after a behavior occurs.

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Biological influences on learning

Animals are more easily trained to perform behaviors that are similar to their natural instincts.

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Unnatural behaviors

Behaviors that are not naturally occurring may be difficult to train and might revert back to instinctive behaviors.

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Classical conditioning expectations

An organism develops an expectation that a conditioned stimulus (CS) will be followed by an unconditioned stimulus (US).

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Operant conditioning expectations

Organisms develop an expectation about the consequences of their actions, whether they will be rewarded or punished.

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Latent learning

Learning occurs without any immediate reinforcement. It is only demonstrated when there is an incentive to do so.

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Cognitive influences on conditioning

Cognitive factors, like expectations and latent learning, influence both classical and operant conditioning.

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Evidence of Cognitive Processes

The idea that animals aren't just reacting to stimuli, but are actively processing information and making decisions.

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Observational Learning

Learning by observing and imitating others, even without direct experience.

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Modeling

A specific type of observational learning where one person or animal learns from another by imitating their behavior.

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Mirror Neurons

The ability to learn by observing and imitating others, which involves specialized brain cells called mirror neurons.

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Prosocial Effects

Positive effects of observational learning, such as learning helpful or pro-social behaviors.

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Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment

The study where children learned aggressive behavior by watching an adult model.

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Theory of Mind and Empathy

Observational learning and the ability to imitate others likely play a role in how we learn language, understand others' emotions, and develop social skills.

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Study Notes

Learning

  • Learning is the process of acquiring new information or behaviors through experience.
  • Learning happens through association, linking events and behaviors.
  • Consequences influence behaviors (reinforcement and punishment).
  • Learning also involves the acquisition of mental information about the world and how to act in it.

Classical Conditioning

  • A type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, triggering a learned response.
  • Involves associating a stimulus that naturally brings about a response (unconditioned stimulus) with a previously neutral stimulus (neutral stimulus).
  • Through repetition, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus, eliciting a conditioned response.
  • The response is automatic and involuntary.
  • Examples include: Pavlov's dog experiment (food = unconditioned stimulus; bell = neutral stimulus; salivation = unconditioned response; salivation triggered by bell = conditioned response).

Operant Conditioning

  • A type of learning where behaviors are strengthened or weakened by their consequences.
  • A learning process where an organism learns associations between a behavior and its consequence, leading to increased or decreased likelihood of that behavior occurring.
  • The organism has voluntary control over its behavior.
  • Reinforcement increases a behavior's likelihood (positive reinforcement adds a desirable stimulus; negative reinforcement removes an undesirable stimulus).
  • Punishment weakens a behavior's likelihood (positive punishment adds an undesirable stimulus; negative punishment removes a desirable stimulus).

Higher-Order Conditioning

  • A more complex type of classical conditioning where a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus by associating it with a previously conditioned stimulus rather than with the initial unconditioned stimulus.

Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery

  • Extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, resulting in a decrease in the conditioned response.
  • Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response.

Generalization and Discrimination

  • Generalization is the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.
  • Discrimination is the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli.

Reinforcement Schedules

  • Continuous reinforcement schedules: Every desired response is reinforced.
  • Partial reinforcement schedules (intermittent): Only some desired responses are reinforced. Fixed-ratio and variable-ratio schedules are examples (fixed-ratio reinforcement occurs after a set number of responses; variable-ratio reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses).

Types of Reinforcers

  • Positive reinforcement: Adding a desirable stimulus.
  • Negative reinforcement: Removing an undesirable stimulus.
  • Primary reinforcers: Unlearned stimuli that satisfy basic biological needs (e.g., food, water).
  • Conditioned reinforcers (secondary reinforcers): Learned stimuli that have become associated with primary reinforcers (e.g., money).

Punishment

  • Positive punishment: Adding an undesirable stimulus.
  • Negative punishment: Removing a desirable stimulus.

Major Drawbacks of Physical Punishment

  • Suppressed, not forgotten behavior.
  • Negative reinforcement of punishing behavior.
  • Teaches avoidance, not desired behavior.
  • May result in fear and increase aggression as coping mechanism.

Observational Learning

  • Learning by watching and imitating others.
  • Higher animals can learn by watching others demonstrate behaviors or make particular decisions. This is also known as modeling. Humans are especially good at this type of learning.

Mirror Neurons and Imitation in the Brain

  • Neurons that are active during both the performance of an action and observation of that action by another.
  • Research supports the idea that these mirror neurons may underlie the ability to imitate and understand others' actions.

Positive Applications of Observational Learning (Prosocial Effects)

  • Learning desirable behaviors (prosocial behaviors) by watching and imitating others.

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Test your knowledge on classical conditioning concepts, including spontaneous recovery, unconditioned stimuli, and the effects of love through conditioning. This quiz covers key principles and definitions related to behavioral psychology. Perfect for psychology students or enthusiasts!

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