Psychology Chapter on Classical Conditioning
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Questions and Answers

What happens when an animal is exposed to a tuning fork without food over time?

  • The animal stops salivating (correct)
  • The animal begins to associate the tuning fork with a negative experience
  • The animal continues to expect food every time
  • The animal salivates stronger than before

    • Spontaneous recovery occurs when a conditioned response reappears after a pause in extinction.

    True

    How does falling in love relate to classical conditioning?

    Falling in love creates strong associations and feelings, similar to the association between a stimulus and a response in classical conditioning.

    When an unconditioned stimulus is removed, the conditioned response may go through a process called __________.

    <p>extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the concepts to their definitions:

    <p>Extinction = The disappearance of a conditioned response Spontaneous Recovery = Reappearance of a conditioned response after a pause Conditioned Response = Response elicited by the conditioned stimulus Unconditioned Stimulus = Stimulus that naturally triggers a response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the absence of the unconditioned stimulus have on the conditioned response?

    <p>It leads to extinction of the conditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person can still experience positive feelings about an ex-partner despite negative experiences after a breakup.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'unconditioned stimulus'?

    <p>It is a stimulus that naturally elicits a response without any prior conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when the unconditioned stimulus is removed in classical conditioning?

    <p>Extinction of the conditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Generalization refers to how different stimuli can trigger the same conditioned response.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is associated with the Law of Effect?

    <p>Edward L. Thorndike</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In operant conditioning, _____ is used to decrease the likelihood of an action being repeated.

    <p>punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms to their definitions:

    <p>Reinforcement = Increases the likelihood of behavior Extinction = Decrease in conditioned response over time Generalization = Similar responses to different stimuli Operant conditioning = Learning through consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the concept of classical conditioning?

    <p>A preparation response distinct from an unconditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In operant conditioning, behaviors are shaped continuously through reinforcement and punishment.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What device did B.F. Skinner create to study operant conditioning?

    <p>Operant chamber (Skinner box)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms describes the process of associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response?

    <p>Classical conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement mean the same thing.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

    <p>Classical conditioning involves associating stimuli, while operant conditioning involves behavior and consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Pavlov's experiment, the __________ was the unconditioned stimulus that naturally triggered a response.

    <p>food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the concepts of learning with their definitions:

    <p>Classical Conditioning = Learning through associations Operant Conditioning = Learning through consequences Observational Learning = Learning by watching others Extinction = Decrease in response due to lack of reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reinforcement schedule would you use to maximize a specific behavior over time?

    <p>Variable ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one brain mechanism likely involved in observational learning.

    <p>Mirror neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Punishment is considered an effective teaching method for promoting positive behaviors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

    <p>Taking painkillers to eliminate pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive punishment increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule involve?

    <p>Reinforcing a behavior after a specified number of responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In operant conditioning, a __________ is anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

    <p>reinforcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of reinforcement schedules with their definitions:

    <p>Continuous reinforcement = Behavior is reinforced every time it occurs Variable-ratio schedule = Reinforcement is given after an unpredictable number of responses Fixed-interval schedule = Reinforcement is provided after a specified time period Variable-interval schedule = Reinforcement is given after an unpredictable time interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major drawback of physical punishment?

    <p>It increases the understanding of appropriate behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Operant conditioning primarily involves voluntary behaviors and their consequences.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between classical and operant conditioning?

    <p>Classical conditioning associates involuntary responses with stimuli, while operant conditioning associates voluntary behavior with consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is latent learning?

    <p>Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Operant conditioning involves learning through direct observation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the significance of Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment in learning.

    <p>It demonstrated that children could learn aggressive behaviors through observation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When animals learn to imitate behaviors they observe, this is called ______ learning.

    <p>observational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best illustrates a cognitive map?

    <p>A rat navigating a maze after exploring without rewards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their definitions:

    <p>Intrinsic motivation = Doing something because one finds it personally rewarding Extrinsic motivation = Doing something for external rewards or pressures Modeling = Learning by observing and imitating others Mirror neurons = Neurons that fire both when an action is performed and when it is observed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excessive rewards may enhance intrinsic motivation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do mirror neurons play in learning?

    <p>They are believed to facilitate imitation and understanding of others' actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option best describes the focus of operant conditioning?

    <p>Learning through reinforcement and punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Organisms are more likely to learn unnatural behaviors compared to natural behaviors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do organisms develop in classical conditioning to signal the arrival of an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

    <p>Conditioned stimulus (CS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In operant conditioning, organisms develop an expectation that a response will be __________ based on previous experiences.

    <p>reinforced or punished</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their correct descriptions:

    <p>Biological influences = Constrains what stimuli and responses can be associated Cognitive influences = Develop expectations about reinforcement Natural behaviors = Behaviors that are instinctual and easily learned Latent Learning = Learning that occurs without reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major characteristic of classical conditioning?

    <p>Association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Expectations in cognition can influence whether an organism will respond to a stimulus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might happen if an organism is taught an unnatural behavior?

    <p>It may revert to its natural habits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning

    • Learning is the process of acquiring new information or behaviors through experience.
    • Learning happens through association, linking events and behaviors.
    • Consequences influence behaviors (reinforcement and punishment).
    • Learning also involves the acquisition of mental information about the world and how to act in it.

    Classical Conditioning

    • A type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, triggering a learned response.
    • Involves associating a stimulus that naturally brings about a response (unconditioned stimulus) with a previously neutral stimulus (neutral stimulus).
    • Through repetition, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus, eliciting a conditioned response.
    • The response is automatic and involuntary.
    • Examples include: Pavlov's dog experiment (food = unconditioned stimulus; bell = neutral stimulus; salivation = unconditioned response; salivation triggered by bell = conditioned response).

    Operant Conditioning

    • A type of learning where behaviors are strengthened or weakened by their consequences.
    • A learning process where an organism learns associations between a behavior and its consequence, leading to increased or decreased likelihood of that behavior occurring.
    • The organism has voluntary control over its behavior.
    • Reinforcement increases a behavior's likelihood (positive reinforcement adds a desirable stimulus; negative reinforcement removes an undesirable stimulus).
    • Punishment weakens a behavior's likelihood (positive punishment adds an undesirable stimulus; negative punishment removes a desirable stimulus).

    Higher-Order Conditioning

    • A more complex type of classical conditioning where a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus by associating it with a previously conditioned stimulus rather than with the initial unconditioned stimulus.

    Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery

    • Extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, resulting in a decrease in the conditioned response.
    • Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response.

    Generalization and Discrimination

    • Generalization is the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.
    • Discrimination is the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli.

    Reinforcement Schedules

    • Continuous reinforcement schedules: Every desired response is reinforced.
    • Partial reinforcement schedules (intermittent): Only some desired responses are reinforced. Fixed-ratio and variable-ratio schedules are examples (fixed-ratio reinforcement occurs after a set number of responses; variable-ratio reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses).

    Types of Reinforcers

    • Positive reinforcement: Adding a desirable stimulus.
    • Negative reinforcement: Removing an undesirable stimulus.
    • Primary reinforcers: Unlearned stimuli that satisfy basic biological needs (e.g., food, water).
    • Conditioned reinforcers (secondary reinforcers): Learned stimuli that have become associated with primary reinforcers (e.g., money).

    Punishment

    • Positive punishment: Adding an undesirable stimulus.
    • Negative punishment: Removing a desirable stimulus.

    Major Drawbacks of Physical Punishment

    • Suppressed, not forgotten behavior.
    • Negative reinforcement of punishing behavior.
    • Teaches avoidance, not desired behavior.
    • May result in fear and increase aggression as coping mechanism.

    Observational Learning

    • Learning by watching and imitating others.
    • Higher animals can learn by watching others demonstrate behaviors or make particular decisions. This is also known as modeling. Humans are especially good at this type of learning.

    Mirror Neurons and Imitation in the Brain

    • Neurons that are active during both the performance of an action and observation of that action by another.
    • Research supports the idea that these mirror neurons may underlie the ability to imitate and understand others' actions.

    Positive Applications of Observational Learning (Prosocial Effects)

    • Learning desirable behaviors (prosocial behaviors) by watching and imitating others.

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    PSYC101: Learning Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on classical conditioning concepts, including spontaneous recovery, unconditioned stimuli, and the effects of love through conditioning. This quiz covers key principles and definitions related to behavioral psychology. Perfect for psychology students or enthusiasts!

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