Questions and Answers
What is classical conditioning?
A learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a neutral stimulus.
Explain the differences between classical and operant conditioning.
Classical Conditioning: 1. Always a specific stimulus (UCS) that elicits the desired response. 2. UCS does not depend upon learner's response. 3. Learner responds to its environment. Operant Conditioning: 1. No identifiable stimulus; learner must first respond, then behavior is reinforced. 2. Reinforcement depends upon learner's behavior. 3. Learner actively operates on its environment.
How would you use shaping to teach a dog to shake?
Wait for the dog to move its paw toward you or paw at you on its own. Then immediately hit the clicker and reward the dog with a treat. Repeat this process until the dog can shake on command.
How are generalization and discrimination related to classical conditioning?
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Define operant conditioning.
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Explain how the four schedules of partial reinforcement work.
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Identify the situation in which a conditioned response might become extinct.
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Why do people feel distress at the mere sight of flashing police lights?
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Distinguish under what reinforcement schedule does a typical slot machine operate.
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Explain how punishment has an impact on a behavior.
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Study Notes
Classical Conditioning
- Classical conditioning involves creating associations between a natural stimulus (UCS) and a neutral stimulus.
- The unconditioned stimulus elicits a response without requiring any previous learning.
Differences Between Classical and Operant Conditioning
- In classical conditioning, the UCS prompts the desired response; in operant conditioning, learners must first respond for behavior to be reinforced.
- Classical conditioning is driven by environmental stimuli; operant conditioning relies on the learner's behavior to trigger reinforcement.
- Operant conditioning requires active involvement from the learner to influence their environment.
Shaping Process for Teaching a Dog
- Wait for a dog to initiate movement toward its paw; use a clicker immediately followed by a treat.
- Repeat until the behavior is consistently displayed on command.
Generalization and Discrimination in Classical Conditioning
- Generalization occurs when a conditioned response is triggered by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.
- Discrimination enables distinguishing between different stimuli, leading to varied responses based on the specific stimulus.
Operant Conditioning Definition
- Operant conditioning is a learning process where actions are reinforced or punished, leading to changes in behavior frequency.
Schedules of Partial Reinforcement
- Reinforcement can follow fixed or variable schedules based on the number of responses or intervals between responses.
- Types of schedules determine how reinforcement is presented, influencing behavior patterns.
Extinction of Conditioned Responses
- A conditioned response may become extinct when the participant fails to associate the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus.
Distress from Flashing Police Lights
- Distress tied to flashing police lights stems from classical conditioning, where past experiences (e.g., receiving tickets) create an association with negative emotions.
Slot Machine Reinforcement Schedule
- Slot machines operate on a variable ratio (VR) schedule, where the reinforcement is based on the number of responses but varies each time.
- This schedule contrasts with a variable interval (VI) schedule, which relies on time for reinforcement.
Impact of Punishment on Behavior
- Punishment leads to a decrease in the frequency of a behavior by creating negative consequences associated with that behavior.
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Description
Test your understanding of classical conditioning concepts, including the differences between classical and operant conditioning, shaping processes, and principles like generalization and discrimination. This quiz will challenge your knowledge on important psychological theories and their applications, particularly in learning behaviors.