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Questions and Answers
What aspect distinguishes male and female approaches to morality as criticized in the theory?
What aspect distinguishes male and female approaches to morality as criticized in the theory?
Which theory integrates sociology and psychology to explain criminal behavior?
Which theory integrates sociology and psychology to explain criminal behavior?
What is a characteristic trait of individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)?
What is a characteristic trait of individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)?
Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between punishment and criminal behaviors in operant conditioning?
Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between punishment and criminal behaviors in operant conditioning?
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What percentage of criminals are estimated to have severe mental disorders?
What percentage of criminals are estimated to have severe mental disorders?
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What is emphasized in Haney's situational approach to understanding criminal behavior?
What is emphasized in Haney's situational approach to understanding criminal behavior?
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In psychoanalytic theory, which component of personality acts as the conscience?
In psychoanalytic theory, which component of personality acts as the conscience?
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What happens when the ego and superego fail in a person's development according to psychoanalytic theory?
What happens when the ego and superego fail in a person's development according to psychoanalytic theory?
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What is a key criticism of psychoanalytic theory in explaining criminal behavior?
What is a key criticism of psychoanalytic theory in explaining criminal behavior?
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Which of the following best describes Freud's concept of the id?
Which of the following best describes Freud's concept of the id?
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What does the insufficient resource of law enforcement agencies imply about crime prevention?
What does the insufficient resource of law enforcement agencies imply about crime prevention?
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What does the assumption of offender deficit propose?
What does the assumption of offender deficit propose?
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What is the primary focus of psychological theories of crime?
What is the primary focus of psychological theories of crime?
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Which psychological theory focuses on the role of moral understanding in criminal behavior?
Which psychological theory focuses on the role of moral understanding in criminal behavior?
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What can be inferred about a person with an inadequately developed superego?
What can be inferred about a person with an inadequately developed superego?
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What is antisocial personality characterized by?
What is antisocial personality characterized by?
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How does psychopathy differ from Antisocial Personality Disorder?
How does psychopathy differ from Antisocial Personality Disorder?
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Which of the following is a critique often associated with psychological theories of crime?
Which of the following is a critique often associated with psychological theories of crime?
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What does Eysenck's theory primarily focus on in relation to criminal behavior?
What does Eysenck's theory primarily focus on in relation to criminal behavior?
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Which psychological theory explains criminal behavior through learned experiences?
Which psychological theory explains criminal behavior through learned experiences?
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What is a common link posited between crime and mental illness?
What is a common link posited between crime and mental illness?
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Which area of the brain is suggested to have abnormalities in psychopathy?
Which area of the brain is suggested to have abnormalities in psychopathy?
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What misconception about individuals with psychopathy is addressed in the content?
What misconception about individuals with psychopathy is addressed in the content?
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According to research, which group is noted as frequently embodying traits of workplace psychopaths?
According to research, which group is noted as frequently embodying traits of workplace psychopaths?
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What has contributed to the increased encounters of mentally ill individuals with police?
What has contributed to the increased encounters of mentally ill individuals with police?
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Which statement reflects a common misconception about crime and mental illness?
Which statement reflects a common misconception about crime and mental illness?
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What is considered one of the main criticisms of the construct of psychopathy?
What is considered one of the main criticisms of the construct of psychopathy?
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Which mental health issue is mentioned as common among Canadian prison inmates?
Which mental health issue is mentioned as common among Canadian prison inmates?
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How do mentally ill individuals typically compare to non-mentally ill offenders in terms of recidivism rates?
How do mentally ill individuals typically compare to non-mentally ill offenders in terms of recidivism rates?
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What aspect of psychopathy is highlighted as important in understanding individuals with this disorder?
What aspect of psychopathy is highlighted as important in understanding individuals with this disorder?
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What is the commonality of violent behavior among mentally disordered offenders?
What is the commonality of violent behavior among mentally disordered offenders?
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What does Borum (1996) suggest about mental disorders?
What does Borum (1996) suggest about mental disorders?
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According to psychological theories of crime, what is often criticized?
According to psychological theories of crime, what is often criticized?
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How does Teplin (1984) suggest mental illness affects law enforcement?
How does Teplin (1984) suggest mental illness affects law enforcement?
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What conclusion can be drawn about the proportion of mentally ill individuals among criminals?
What conclusion can be drawn about the proportion of mentally ill individuals among criminals?
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What does evolutionary theory suggest about criminal behavior?
What does evolutionary theory suggest about criminal behavior?
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What do Kohlberg's stages of moral development focus on?
What do Kohlberg's stages of moral development focus on?
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What aspect of criminal behavior does evolutionary theory primarily attribute to men?
What aspect of criminal behavior does evolutionary theory primarily attribute to men?
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What critique of evolutionary theory highlights its deterministic nature?
What critique of evolutionary theory highlights its deterministic nature?
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What is the primary focus of the theories of moral development?
What is the primary focus of the theories of moral development?
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At which stage of moral development do children begin to understand societal morals as “do’s” and “don’ts”?
At which stage of moral development do children begin to understand societal morals as “do’s” and “don’ts”?
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What characteristic of male criminal behavior peaks during adolescence and early adulthood, according to evolutionary theory?
What characteristic of male criminal behavior peaks during adolescence and early adulthood, according to evolutionary theory?
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Kohlberg's theory posits that individuals may get stuck in stages of moral development. What implication does this have?
Kohlberg's theory posits that individuals may get stuck in stages of moral development. What implication does this have?
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Which of the following is a limitation of viewing aggressive acts solely as a result of impulses?
Which of the following is a limitation of viewing aggressive acts solely as a result of impulses?
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What stage of moral reasoning is characterized by a lack of empathy in children according to Piaget?
What stage of moral reasoning is characterized by a lack of empathy in children according to Piaget?
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Study Notes
Psychological Perspectives on Criminality
- Psychological theories explore how personality characteristics and learning affect criminal behavior.
- These theories often assume either an "offender deficit" (psychological problems with the offender) or "discriminating traits" (differences in traits like impulsivity and aggression).
- Critiques of the psychological approach often highlight the limited emphasis on positive offender characteristics, the less-than-total importance afforded situational and environmental factors, and the unreliable nature of the "criminal vs. non-criminal" binary.
- Farrington's research emphasizes understanding the nuanced differences between offenders and non-offenders, exploring how criminally impactful outcomes are intertwined with social and psychological risk factors. Motivation to commit delinquent acts often stems from a need for material goods or thrill-seeking.
Community Psychology
- While individual psychology focuses on individual characteristics, community psychology complements this by exploring broader social influences (levels of analysis).
- Social problems are analyzed across levels: individual deficits, small-group functioning, organizational shortcomings, and problematic institutions/communities.
Psychoanalytic Theory
- Freud's theory proposes that personality is composed of the id (biological drives), ego (reality tester), and superego (conscience).
- Successful resolution of conflicts in these stages leads to healthy development. Failure leads to criminal behavior due to an inability of the ego/superego to control the id's impulses.
- Psychoanalytic theory is not seen as a rigorous explanation but it identifies important internal factors.
Evolutionary Theory
- This theory examines criminal behavior with survival and reproductive strategies in context of natural selection.
- It suggests that differences in reproductive strategies between men and women explain why men commit more crime, particularly violent crimes, more often during adolescence and early adulthood.
- Strong criticism revolves around its tendency to normalize criminal behavior, its deterministic nature, and its reliance on hypothetical interpretations.
Theories of Moral Development
- Kohlberg proposed stages of moral development: preconventional (punishment-driven), conventional (societal norms), and postconventional (universal moral principles).
- This theory focuses on the development of morality and responsibility, suggesting that criminal behavior could stem from developmental issues.
- Criticism includes bias towards male perspectives and difficulties relating it to actual criminal behavior.
Eysenck's Theory of Crime and Personality
- This theory connects personality dimensions (extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism) with criminal behavior.
- Extroverted, neurotic, and psychotic individuals are more likely to be delinquent due to impulsivity and a weak conscience.
- Conditioning plays a crucial role, yet delinquents may not learn fear and avoidance responses to criminal behavior through past experiences.
Social Learning Theory
- This perspective emphasizes learning through observation and experience.
- Aggression, for example, is learned through family, subcultural influences, and symbolic modeling.
- Research suggests a correlation between media violence, including television violence, and aggression but questions arise about causal directions.
- Fear of punishment, whether legal, social, or internalized self-sanctions, plays a role in behavioral change.
Operant Conditioning
- Skinner's concept of operant conditioning suggests that rewards increase desirable behavior and punishment decreases undesirable behavior.
- Token economies are used to change antisocial behavior by providing rewards for positive actions and penalties for negative ones.
Antisocial Personality
- This diagnosis involves a disregard for the rights of others, impulsivity, and aggression across the lifespan, with developmental roots in childhood.
- Psychopathy, often associated with APD, shares similar traits but includes additional characteristics such as glibness, grandiosity, and a lack of remorse or guilt.
- Hare's research is useful for psychopathy assessment.
- Antisocial Personality is often a problematic and complex diagnosis and its connection to criminal behavior is a complex and evolving topic, with ongoing debate around causality.
Crime and Mental Illness
- Prevalence of mental illness in incarcerated populations is often higher than in the general populace.
- Recent police involvement regarding mental illness has grown.
- While mental health needs in the criminal justice system are rising, some studies have shown that mentally ill offenders, controlling for crime type, have a different rate of recidivism.
- The presence of mental illness does not always imply criminal tendencies, and other factors contribute to crime rates. Theories that link criminal behavior exclusively to mental illness are outdated.
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Description
This quiz explores various psychological theories related to criminal behavior, emphasizing personality traits and learning. It discusses concepts such as 'offender deficits' and 'discriminating traits' while critiquing the limitations of the psychological approach. Additionally, it investigates the interplay of social and psychological factors impacting criminality.
