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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of a strong superego?
What is the main function of a strong superego?
- To inhibit biological instincts of the id (correct)
- To enhance aggressive impulses
- To promote biological instincts of the id
- To reduce feelings of guilt
What are the two subsystems of the superego?
What are the two subsystems of the superego?
- Id and ego
- Conscience and ego-ideal (correct)
- Repressiveness and aggression
- Guilt and inferiority
How does a well-developed superego control impulses?
How does a well-developed superego control impulses?
- Through the process of repression (correct)
- By enhancing biological instincts
- By promoting reckless behavior
- By increasing delinquent behavior
What does guilt stem from according to the superego's function?
What does guilt stem from according to the superego's function?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a weak superego as described by Hervey Cleckly?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a weak superego as described by Hervey Cleckly?
What is associated with little evidence of guilt in a weak superego?
What is associated with little evidence of guilt in a weak superego?
What feeling arises when the ego fails to meet the superego’s standards?
What feeling arises when the ego fails to meet the superego’s standards?
Which behavior is NOT typical of an offender with a weak superego?
Which behavior is NOT typical of an offender with a weak superego?
What is the name of the stage where a child develops unconscious desires for the parent of the opposite sex?
What is the name of the stage where a child develops unconscious desires for the parent of the opposite sex?
What term describes the fear that boys experience regarding their fathers during the Phallic Stage?
What term describes the fear that boys experience regarding their fathers during the Phallic Stage?
What happens during the Latency Stage of Freud's psychosexual development?
What happens during the Latency Stage of Freud's psychosexual development?
In the Genital Stage, what becomes a central motive for individuals?
In the Genital Stage, what becomes a central motive for individuals?
What component of Freud's theory encompasses the drives for sex, hunger, and thirst?
What component of Freud's theory encompasses the drives for sex, hunger, and thirst?
Who is credited with the popularization of Behavioral Theory?
Who is credited with the popularization of Behavioral Theory?
What do personality theories assume about individuals?
What do personality theories assume about individuals?
What does the term 'Electra Complex' refer to in Freud's theory?
What does the term 'Electra Complex' refer to in Freud's theory?
What aspect of personality do the instincts Eros and Thanatos influence according to Freud?
What aspect of personality do the instincts Eros and Thanatos influence according to Freud?
According to psychodynamic theory, what components make up the human personality?
According to psychodynamic theory, what components make up the human personality?
Which principle does the id operate under?
Which principle does the id operate under?
What is the main role of the ego in personality structure?
What is the main role of the ego in personality structure?
What aspect of personality does the superego represent?
What aspect of personality does the superego represent?
Which statement reflects a common misconception about the id?
Which statement reflects a common misconception about the id?
What does the term 'true psychic reality' refer to in Freud's theory?
What does the term 'true psychic reality' refer to in Freud's theory?
At what stage does the superego develop according to Freud?
At what stage does the superego develop according to Freud?
What is the primary way infants learn about the world during the sensorimotor stage?
What is the primary way infants learn about the world during the sensorimotor stage?
What significant cognitive milestone do children develop between 5 and 8 months old?
What significant cognitive milestone do children develop between 5 and 8 months old?
During the preoperational stage, what type of play do children primarily engage in?
During the preoperational stage, what type of play do children primarily engage in?
According to Piaget, how do children in the preoperational stage perceive logical information?
According to Piaget, how do children in the preoperational stage perceive logical information?
What behavior might indicate that an infant has developed object permanence?
What behavior might indicate that an infant has developed object permanence?
Which age range defines the preoperational stage of cognitive development?
Which age range defines the preoperational stage of cognitive development?
Why might a young child make erroneous claims about the quantity of food they received?
Why might a young child make erroneous claims about the quantity of food they received?
What does the term 'operational' refer to in Piaget's theory?
What does the term 'operational' refer to in Piaget's theory?
What is the primary focus of moral development in children during the preconventional stage?
What is the primary focus of moral development in children during the preconventional stage?
Which of the following best describes the moral reasoning of individuals in the conventional stage?
Which of the following best describes the moral reasoning of individuals in the conventional stage?
What characterizes moral development among serious offenders according to Kohlberg's findings?
What characterizes moral development among serious offenders according to Kohlberg's findings?
In the obedience and punishment orientation stage, what is the main motivation for a child's actions?
In the obedience and punishment orientation stage, what is the main motivation for a child's actions?
What is a key characteristic of individuals who view the law positively according to the moral development theory?
What is a key characteristic of individuals who view the law positively according to the moral development theory?
At what age does the preconventional stage typically last until?
At what age does the preconventional stage typically last until?
What distinguishes the individualism and exchange stage from the obedience and punishment orientation stage?
What distinguishes the individualism and exchange stage from the obedience and punishment orientation stage?
Which of the following groups typically exhibits moral reasoning that is strongly influenced by adult standards?
Which of the following groups typically exhibits moral reasoning that is strongly influenced by adult standards?
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Study Notes
Psychological Causes of Crime
- Criminologists use psychological theories to explain criminal motivations.
- Personality Theories: Individuals develop certain traits (impulsiveness, extroversion) through early socialization.
- Psychodynamic Theory: Developed by Sigmund Freud, this theory explains the unconscious mental processes that shape personality.
- Tripartite Personality: Personality is made up of three systems:
- Id: Represents primitive, selfish desires and seeks immediate gratification.
- Ego: Balances Id impulses with reality, moderating desires with practicality.
- Superego: Internalized morals and societal standards, acting as a conscience.
- Types of Offenders in Psychoanalytic Theory:
- Weak Superego: Individuals with superficial charm, lack of remorse, and inability to form meaningful relationships.
- Oedipus Complex: Boys develop unconscious desires for their mothers and rivalry with their fathers.
- Electra Complex: Girls experience intense emotional attachment to their fathers.
- Freud's Psychosexual Theory:
- Eros: The life instinct, including drives like sex, hunger, and thirst.
- Thanatos: The death instinct, encompassing aggression and destructive urges.
- Behavioral Theory: Developed by John B. Watson and BF Skinner, focuses on how environmental stimuli and consequences shape behavior.
- Moral Development Theory: Developed by Lawrence Kohlberg, emphasizes the stages of moral development and how they relate to criminal behavior.
- Preconventional Morality: Moral decisions are based on consequences (punishment or reward).
- Conventional Morality: Acceptance of social rules and conformity to societal norms.
- Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development:
- Sensorimotor Stage (Birth-2 Years): Infants learn through senses and motor skills, developing object permanence.
- Preoperational Stage (2-7 Years): Children use symbols, engage in pretend play, but lack logical manipulation of information.
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 Years): Children develop logical thought, reason and problem-solve concretely.
- Formal Operational Stage (11 Years On): Adolescents develop abstract thinking, hypothetical reasoning, and moral reasoning.
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