Endocrine system medium
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Questions and Answers

What hormone does the pineal gland produce?

  • Cortisol
  • Serotonin
  • Melatonin (correct)
  • Adrenaline

    • What is the effect of daylight on melatonin secretion?

  • It suppresses melatonin secretion. (correct)
  • It has no effect on melatonin.
  • It enhances melatonin production.
  • It increases levels of melatonin post-sunset.

    • Which gland plays a significant role in immunity?

  • Pineal gland
  • Thymus gland (correct)
  • Thyroid gland
  • Adrenal gland

    • What happens to the pineal gland after puberty?

    <p>It begins to shrink and may calcify.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does melatonin influence the development of reproductive glands before puberty?

    <p>It inhibits their development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the pineal gland located in the brain?

    <p>Near the center of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glucocorticoids in response to stress?

    <p>Increase blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What regulates the secretion of hormones from the adrenal glands?

    <p>Negative feedback from hypothalamus and pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the adrenal glands is essential for life?

    <p>Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cortisol specifically known to affect in terms of metabolism?

    <p>Glucose metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario would likely induce the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Pain or shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do glucocorticoids have on amino acids during stress response?

    <p>Convert them to glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common medical condition can cortisol help alleviate?

    <p>Arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the unwanted side effects of steroid medication like cortisone?

    <p>Delay in wound healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances can glucocorticoids promote for energy production?

    <p>Lipolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the adrenal cortex respond to ACTH?

    <p>Releases glucocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for promoting uterine contractions?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Calcitonin?

    <p>Reduce blood calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What essential element is required for the production of thyroid hormones?

    <p>Iodine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is produced by the parathyroid glands?

    <p>Parathormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main functions of Vasopressin?

    <p>Increases urine concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does parathormone affect blood calcium levels?

    <p>It promotes calcium release from bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone works in opposition to parathormone?

    <p>Calcitonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the adrenal glands play in the body?

    <p>Control metabolism and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does calcitonin have on the kidneys?

    <p>Stimulates calcium excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) regulate which of the following?

    <p>Nervous system activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and is primarily responsible for stimulating growth?

    <p>Growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in the endocrine system?

    <p>Stimulates growth and activity of the thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex and increases cortisol output?

    <p>Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of prolactin in the endocrine system?

    <p>Stimulates lactation after childbirth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones are collectively referred to as gonadotrophins and are secreted by the anterior pituitary?

    <p>FSH and LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to stimulating lactation, what is another function of prolactin?

    <p>Stimulates growth of connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After puberty, which hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete in response to luteinising hormone releasing hormone?

    <p>Gonadotrophins: FSH and LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organs are influenced by growth hormone (GH) for growth and maintenance?

    <p>Skeleton and muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of insulin in the body?

    <p>To stimulate glucose uptake by cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does glucagon play in blood glucose regulation?

    <p>Increases blood glucose by promoting glycogen conversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones are predominantly secreted by the pancreatic islets?

    <p>Insulin and glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is somatostatin's role in glucose regulation?

    <p>Inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does oestrogen have in females?

    <p>It regulates the menstrual cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is produced by the thymus gland and is essential for the immune system?

    <p>Thymosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of testosterone in males?

    <p>Development of secondary sexual characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does noradrenaline primarily affect blood pressure?

    <p>It maintains and increases blood pressure through vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the secretion of glucagon?

    <p>Low blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone acts as an antagonist to insulin?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pituitary Gland Hormones

    • The anterior pituitary secretes growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, corticotrophin-releasing hormone, and gonadotrophins.
    • Growth hormone promotes growth in children and maintenance and repair in adults.
    • Thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulates growth and activity of the thyroid gland.
    • Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the activity of the adrenal cortex, increasing the output of steroid hormones, especially cortisol.
    • Prolactin stimulates lactation after childbirth.
    • Gonadotrophin hormones are released in response to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) from the hypothalamus.
    • The posterior pituitary produces two hormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.
    • Oxytocin promotes uterine contraction and works with prolactin to produce breast milk.
    • Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) influences water reabsorption by the kidney tubules resulting in the concentration of urine and stimulates the contraction of muscular tissues of capillaries and arterioles, raising blood pressure.

    Thyroid Gland

    • The thyroid gland has two lobes and is shaped like a butterfly.
    • It is situated in the neck, in front of the larynx and trachea.
    • The thyroid secretes three hormones: thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin.
    • Iodine is essential for the production of thyroid hormones.

    Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine

    • Thyroxine and triiodothyronine regulate:
      • Basal metabolic rate
      • Carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism
      • Nervous and cardiovascular systems
      • Female reproductive cycle and lactation
      • Motility of the gastrointestinal tract (peristalsis)

    Calcitonin

    • Calcitonin regulates blood calcium by reducing blood calcium levels, storing calcium in bones, and excreting calcium by the kidneys.
    • It opposes the action of parathormone.
    • Its release is stimulated by an increase in ionized calcium in the blood after a meal.

    Parathyroid Glands

    • Four glands embedded in the thyroid gland, two per lobe.
    • They produce the hormone parathormone (parathyroid hormone).
    • Essential for maintaining plasma calcium levels.

    ### Parathormone

    • Works with calcitonin to regulate blood calcium.
    • Parathormone raises blood calcium by influencing:
      • Uptake by the small intestine
      • Amount resorbed by the kidneys
    • If there is not enough calcium in the diet, PTH can stimulate the skeletal system to release calcium.

    Adrenal Glands

    • Situated atop each kidney.
    • About 4 cm long and 3 cm wide.
    • Produce hormones that play an important role in regulating:
      • Metabolism
      • Immune system
      • Blood pressure
    • Help the body respond to stress.
    • Hormone secretion is regulated by a negative feedback system from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

    ### Adrenal Cortex and Medulla

    • The adrenal gland consists of two parts:
      • Cortex: Outer part, essential to life.
      • Medulla: Inner part.

    Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol)

    • Concerned with glucose metabolism, produced in response to stress.
    • Under stress (e.g., shock or pain), the hypothalamus induces the anterior pituitary to release ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone).
    • ACTH causes the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids.

    Glucocorticoid Effects

    • Raise blood glucose to provide readily available energy.
    • Combat stress by:
      • Increasing blood sugar by increasing the formation of new sugar.
      • Increasing amino acids converted to glucose by the liver.
      • Increasing lipolysis (fatty acids and glycerol converted to glucose for energy production).
      • Breaking down proteins to amino acids.
      • Promoting sodium and water reabsorption from renal tubules.

    Cortisone Medication

    • Used as medication.
    • Can be prescribed for conditions like arthritis to reduce inflammation and pain in affected joints.
    • Unwanted side effects of steroid medication.

    Noradrenaline Function

    • Maintains blood pressure.
    • Causes vasoconstriction (except coronary arteries).

    Pancreatic Islets

    • Contain endocrine and exocrine tissue as well as being concerned with digestion.
    • Clusters of cells within the pancreas produce hormones.

    ### Insulin and Glucagon

    • Insulin and glucagon are antagonistic, working to maintain homeostasis of blood glucose levels.
    • Insulin lowers blood glucose levels.
    • Glucagon raises blood glucose levels.

    ### Insulin Function

    • Regulates blood glucose and other absorbed nutrients.
    • Insulin reduces blood glucose levels by:
      • Stimulating uptake and use of glucose by muscle and connective tissue cells.
      • Promoting the storage of glucose by increasing the conversion of glucose to glycogen, especially in the liver and skeletal muscles.

    ### Glucagon Function

    • Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by:
      • Converting glycogen to glucose.
      • Gluconeogenesis (formation of new sugars from e.g., protein).
    • Glucagon is secreted in response to a low blood glucose level.

    Ovaries and Testes Hormones

    • Ovaries produce oestrogen and progesterone.
    • Testes produce spermatozoa and testosterone.

    ### Oestrogen Function

    • Regulates the menstrual cycle.
    • Brings about sexual maturity.

    Testosterone Function

    • Testosterone and luteinizing hormone (from the anterior pituitary) bring about sexual maturity in men.
    • Responsible for secondary sexual characteristics.

    Thymus Gland

    • Situated in the chest behind the sternum, the thymus gland secretes the hormone thymosin.

    ### Thymosin Function

    • Thymosin is needed for the development of T-lymphocytes for cell-mediated immunity.
    • Responsible for the growth and maturation of the thymus and other lymph tissue.
    • As we reach adulthood and get older, thymosin production declines, and the effectiveness of T-lymphocytes also declines.

    Pineal Gland

    • Situated near the center of the brain.
    • About 10 mm long.
    • Produces the hormone melatonin.
    • Melatonin secretion is suppressed by daylight.

    ### Melatonin Function

    • Initiating and maintaining sleep.
    • Coordinating circadian and daily rhythms (24-hour cycles), possibly influencing the hypothalamus.
    • Inhibits the development of ovaries and testes before puberty.
    • Prevents the production/release of gonadotrophins before puberty.
    • After puberty, the pineal gland begins to shrink and is often calcified by later life.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the hormones produced by the pituitary gland, including both anterior and posterior hormones. Learn about the functions of growth hormone, prolactin, and others, as well as their roles in the body. Test your knowledge on the hormonal mechanisms and impacts on growth, lactation, and water reabsorption.

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