The Endocrine System GN PDF

The Endocrine System Biomedical Science Coralie Frances GDC Learning Outcomes 1.1.5 Describe relevant and appropriate dental, oral, craniofacial and general anatomy and explain their applica;on to pa;ent management 1.1.6 Describe relevant and appropriate physiology and explain its applica...

The Endocrine System Biomedical Science Coralie Frances GDC Learning Outcomes 1.1.5 Describe relevant and appropriate dental, oral, craniofacial and general anatomy and explain their applica;on to pa;ent management 1.1.6 Describe relevant and appropriate physiology and explain its applica;on to pa;ent management Learning Outcomes At the end of the session the student should have an understanding of the role of the endocrine system By the end of the session students should be able to: Label a diagram of the endocrine system Name the major glands, List the hormones they secrete Describe the diDerent hormone func;ons Useful References Waugh, A. and Grant, A. (2018) Ross & Wilson Anatomy And Physiology In Health And Illness. 13th ed. Elsevier. Ward, J. and Linden, R. (2017) Physiology At A Glance. 4th ed. Wiley-Blackwell. Assess your knowledge pre lecture What is the role of the endocrine system? Homeostasis Look at the next slide Can you name these endocrine glands? See next slide for answers The role of the endocrine system is homeostasis Maintaining the normal balance of the body’s internal environment How did you do? Rate your knowledge on a score of 1-5 (1 least knowledge; 5 greatest knowledge) Con;nue with the PPT to refresh your knowledge then answer the same ques;ons again What are your scores now?  IntroducHon to the endocrine system Video 1 h]ps://youtu.be/NOV0OuYxB7g Number of glands all over body - secrete hormones and regulate various functions Hormones - chemical messengers Nervous system - in control of body process that happen fast (movement, breathing) Immune system - body actions related to infections and damage Endocrine system - in charge in body process that happen slowly (maintenance of constant level of ions and electrolytes in blood, body’s metabolic rate) Homeostasis The endocrine system helps maintain HOMEOSTASIS of the body’s internal environment Along with the autonomic nervous system (ANS) The ANS is concerned with rapid changes The endocrine system is involved in slower changes Homeostasis conHnued The endocrine system comprises a number of ductless glands Hormones are transported to target tissues via bloodstream The glands secrete hormones directly into the blood Hormones are chemical messengers Produced or stored in a gland prior to secretion in blood and carried to other parts of body where they help control how cells and organs do their work. Insulin - hormone made in pancreas and helps to control blood sugar. Endocrine glands Pituitary gland 2 adrenal glands Pancrea;c islets Pineal gland Thyroid Gland Thymus 4 parathyroid 2 ovaries glands 2 testes Hormones inKuence many processes including Growth & Stress response Nutri;on Reproduc;on development  Diabetes - lack of insulin being produced - endocrine disorder Disorders of the endocrine system Disorders are due to too much (hyper). Or too li]le (hypo) of a hormone E.g. hypoglycaemia, low blood sugar Hyperthyroidism too much thyroxine Disorders will be discussed in a separate face to face lecture in the second term Why study the endocrine system? Puberty gingivitis due to increase of sex hormones May cause pigmentation of oral tissues - Addison’s Oral disease - lack of adrenal gland hormones Clinical manifesta;ons presenta;on of endocrine diseases Medical Behaviour emergencies Patient behaviour effected by hormones Pituitary Gland & hypothalamus Pituitary gland situated in hypophyseal fossa of sphenoid bone below the hypothalamus Pituitary gland - Lies in Stella turcica - bony hollow in base of skull underneath brain and behind bridge of nose A]ached to hypothalamus by a stalk Together the hypothalamus & pituitary gland work a system called NegaHve Feedback RegulaHon  Hypothalamus - release hormones and stimulate release of hormones from anterior pituitary gland Hypothalamus hormones Growth hormone releasing hormone Growth hormone release inhibi;ng hormone Thyrotrophin releasing hormone Cor;cotrophin releasing hormone Prolac;n releasing hormone Prolac;n inhibi;ng hormone (dopamine, PIH) Luteinising releasing hormone(LHRH) Gonadotrophin releasing hormone GnRH) Video on negaHve feedback in the endocrine system (13) Nega;ve Feedback Mechanism vs. Posi;ve Feedback Mechanism - Med-Surg - Endocrine | @LevelUpRN - YouTube Hormones secreted by Pituitary gland – Anterior Pituitary 01 Growth Hormone 02 Prolac;n 03 Thyroid S;mula;ng hormone Cor;cotrophin releasing 04 hormone 05 Gonadotrophins Hormones secreted by Pituitary gland – Posterior Pituitary Oxytocin An;diure;c hormone FuncHons of Growth Hormone (GH) Promotes growth of: In children GH is concerned with The skeleton general growth Muscles Connec;ve ;ssue In adults GH is concerned with maintenance and repair Kidneys Liver Intes;nes Pancreas Adrenal glands Other Pituitary Gland hormones Thyroid sHmulaHng hormone 01 (TSH) s;mulates growth and ac;vity of the thyroid gland AdrenocorHcotrophic hormone 02 (ACTH) s;mulates ac;vity of adrenal cortex. Increases the output of STEROID hormones especially CORTISOL. ProlacHn 03 s;mulates LACTATION (milk produc;on) aker childbirth. Gonadotrophin hormones Released in response to luteinising hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) from the hypothalamus) Other pituitary gland hormones Aker puberty the Anterior Pituitary secretes 2 Gonadotrophin (sex hormones) in males and females: Follicle sHmulaHng hormone (FSH) s;mulates produc;on of gametes & Luteinising hormone (LH) s;mulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen / progesterone and the testes to secrete testosterone. Posterior Pituitary produces 2 hormones Oxytocin Promotes contracHon of uterus Works with prolac;n to produce breast milk An;diure;c hormone (Vasopressin) Inluences resorp;on of water by the kidney tubules resul;ng in concentraHon of urine S;mulates contrac;on of the muscular ;ssues of capillaries and arterioles raising blood pressure The thyroid gland Thyroid Gland 2 lobes and shaped like butterfly Situated in the neck In front of larynx & trachea Secretes 3 hormones 4 atoms of iodine 3 atoms of iodine Thyroxine Triiodothyronine Calcitonin T4 T3 Iodine is essen;al for produc;on of thyroid hormones  FuncHon of Thyroxin and T3 Triiodothyronine Regula;on of: Basal metabolic rate Female reproduc;ve Mo;lity of GI tract cycle & lacta;on Carbohydrate, protein Nervous & cardiovascular &lipid metabolism (peristalsis) systems (weight) FuncHon of Calcitonin Regula;on of blood calcium by reduc;on of blood calcium Storage of calcium in bones Excre;on of calcium by kidneys It opposes the ac;on of parathormone Release is s;mulated by an increase in ionised calcium in the blood aker a meal Parathyroid glands  4 glands embedded in thyroid gland, 2 per lobe  Produce the hormone parathormone AKA parathyroid hormone  Important in maintenance of plasma calcium level Parathormone Works with calcitonin to regulate blood calcium Parathormone raises blood calcium by inluencing: Uptake by small intes;ne Amount resorbed by kidneys NB if there is not enough calcium in diet PTH can s>mulate calcium to be taken from the skeletal system  Raises blood calcium levels Lowers blood calcium levels To maintain balance/homeostatis of Parathormone & Calcitonin work together blood calcium levels To maintain blood calcium level Calcium needed for : Muscle Nerve impulse Blood clotting contraction Transmission Adrenal Glands  Produce hormones that play important role to regulate - metabolism, immune system and blood pressure. Adrenal Glands Help body response to stress. Hormone secretion is regulated by negative feedback system from hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Situated atop each kidney 4cm long, 3cm wide Adrenal Glands Consist of 2 parts Cortex – outer part Medulla – inner part Cortex essen;al to life Adrenal Gland video Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4WJj8IE83oM Adrenal gland funcHon GlucocorHcoids (e.g. corHsol) Concerned with glucose metabolism, produced in response to stress Under stress e.g. shock or pain, hypothalamus induces anterior pituitary to release ACTH (adrenocor;cotrophic hormone) ACTH causes adrenal cortex to release glucocor;coids GlucocorHcoids Raise blood glucose to provide readily available energy Combat stress by:  blood sugar by  forma;on of new sugar amino acids converted to glucose by liver  Lipolysis (Fa]y acids & glycerol converted to glucose for energy produc;on) Breakdown of proteins to amino acids Promo;on of sodium & water reabsorp;on from renal tubules Pathological & pharmacological quanHHes of glucocorHcoids Have an an;-inlammatory ac;on Suppress the immune system Suppress the response of ;ssues to injury Delay wound healing CorHsone is used as a medicaHon What medical condiHons might you take corHsone for? Arthritis Why would this help the condiHon? Reduce inflammation and pain in affected joints. What are the unwanted side e\ects of steroid medicaHon? Suppressed immune system and wound healing Aldosterone (a mineralocorHcoid) Concerned with Electrolyte balance in the body Helps regulate blood volume and levels of sodium and potassium S;mulates reabsorp;on of sodium and water and the amount of potassium which is excreted Aldosterone is secreted when there are low blood sodium levels or when blood potassium increases Adrenal Medulla Produces 2 hormones adrenaline (epinephrine) & noradrenaline (Norepinephrine) Adrenaline concerned with ^ght or Kight response Helps body to respond to adverse environment conditions Fight or flight - quick response to potentially dangerous situaiton What happens when you have a fright? Insert picture E\ects of Adrenaline  metabolic rate  heart rate & blood pressure Heart rate increases to supply blood to brain required to respond quickly and to muscle if needed Dilates blood vessels of muscles, heart and brain Dilates pupils Allow for vision Dilates bronchioles Converts glycogen to glucose Provide needed energy Constricts blood vessels in the skin Divert blood to muscles, heart and brain where body needs it most in emergency situation. FuncHon of Noradrenaline Maintenance of blood Vasoconstriction pressure (except coronary arteries)  Contains endocrine and exocrine tissue as also concerned with digestion PancreaHc Islets Hormones secreted by pancreatic islets Insulin and Glucagon are concerned with homeostasis of blood glucose levels Somatosta;n inhibits the secre;on of insulin and glucagon Insulin Glucagon SomatostaHn  PancreaHc Islets Clusters of cells within pancreas Insulin Produce hormones – Antagonistic - Insulin and glucagon Insulin - lowers blood glucose Glucagon - raises blood glucose Glucagon FuncHon of Insulin RegulaHon of blood glucose and other absorbed nutrients Insulin reduces blood glucose levels by: S;mula;ng uptake and use of glucose by muscle and connec;ve ;ssue cells Insulin promotes the storage of glucose by increasing conversion of glucose to glycogen especially in the liver and skeletal muscles FuncHon of Glucagon Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by:- Conversion of glycogen to glucose Gluconeogenesis (forma;on of new sugars from e.g. protein) Glucagon is secreted in response to a low blood glucose level. Hormones secreted by the ovaries and tesHs Hormones Hormones by secreted by ovaries testis Hormones produced by ovaries Oestrogen & progesterone FuncHon Regula;on of menstrual cycle Bring about sexual maturity SecHon through uterus The role of oestrogen Video www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_owp8kNMus Testes Produce Spermatozoa & the hormone Testosterone Testosterone & luteinising hormone (from antpituitary) Bring about sexual maturity in men Secondary sexual characteris;cs RegulaHon and e\ects of male hormone Video www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sr4recOxmNc Thymus Gland Situated in the chest behind the sternum, the thymus gland secretes the hormone THYMOSIN Thymosin THYMOSIN is needed for the development of T-lymphocytes for cell- mediated immunity THYMOSIN is actually responsible for the growth and matura;on of the thymus and other lymph ;ssue As we reach adulthood and get older produc;on of thymosin declines. The eDec;veness of T-lymphocytes also declines Pineal Gland Situated near centre of brain About 10 mm long Produces hormone MELATONIN Secre;on suppressed by daylight  Initiating and maintaining sleep Melatonin - function Co-ordination of circadian & daily rhythms(24 hour cycles) possibly influencing the hypothalamus. Inhibits the development of ovaries and testes before puberty. Prevents production /release of gonadotrophins before puberty. After puberty it begins to shrink and is often calcified by later life. Video : endocrine system part 2 h"ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K1y36Atqi-Y Test your knowledge – 9ll in the gaps P-------y Gland situated below the hypothalamus i turi + T------ hyroid Gland is a bu"erFy shaped gland 4 p---------- ar a thyroid glands embedded in the T------ hyroid Gland idney 2 adrenal glands lie one on each k----- The p--------- islets regulate blood sugar anc r ea + ic In the female there are 2 o------ varies Testes in the male secrete the hormone t----------- est os + er one Pineal gland secretes m-------- ela ton in Th----s ymus gland plays an important part in i------- mmunity.