Endocrine System: Pituitary Gland and Hormones

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Questions and Answers

What are tropic hormones?

They are produced by the anterior pituitary gland and are hormones that control the activities of other endocrine glands.

Which hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?

FLAT PiG: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, PRL, GH

What hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary?

ADH and OT

What is another name for the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

adenohypophysis Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

neurohypophysis Signup and view all the answers

What is FSH and its function?

Follicle-stimulating Hormone; growth of ovarian follicle, estrogen secretion and sperm production. Signup and view all the answers

What is LH and its function?

Luteinizing Hormone; ovulation and testosterone secretion. Signup and view all the answers

What does ACTH do?

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids. Signup and view all the answers

What is TSH and its function?

Thyroid-stimulating Hormone; stimulates the thyroid to secrete thyroid hormone. Signup and view all the answers

What does PRL do?

Prolactin; promotes milk synthesis and makes men more sensitive to LH. Signup and view all the answers

What is GH and its function?

Growth Hormone/Somatotrophin; stimulates tissue growth. Signup and view all the answers

What is ADH and its function?

Antidiuretic Hormone; promotes water retention in kidneys and prevents dehydration. Signup and view all the answers

What is OT and its function?

Oxytocin; induces labor contractions, milk release, sperm transport, sexual affection, and bonding. Signup and view all the answers

What does simple squamous epithelium consist of?

Single layer of thin cells; allows rapid diffusion and secretes lubricating fluid. Signup and view all the answers

What does simple cuboidal epithelium consist of?

Single layer of square/round cells; found in the liver and thyroid, involved in absorption and secretion. Signup and view all the answers

What does simple columnar epithelium consist of?

Single layer of tall narrow cells; lines stomach and uterus; involved in absorption and secretion of mucus. Signup and view all the answers

What is ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

Looks multi-layered; found in respiratory tract; secretes and propels mucus. Signup and view all the answers

What is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

Multiple layers; found in epidermis and palms; resists abrasion and prevents water loss. Signup and view all the answers

What is non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

Found in the tongue and vagina; resists abrasion and pathogen penetration. Signup and view all the answers

What is stratified cuboidal epithelium?

Two or more layers; found in sweat gland ducts; involved in sweat secretion and ovarian hormone secretion. Signup and view all the answers

What is transitional epithelium?

Found in the urinary tract; stretches to allow filling. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main types of tissues?

Connective, nervous, epithelial, muscular. Signup and view all the answers

What does the hypothalamus regulate?

Appetite, sleep, thirst, and hormone secretion. Signup and view all the answers

What does ventral mean?

Towards the front (breast). Signup and view all the answers

What does dorsal mean?

Towards the back (butt). Signup and view all the answers

What does anterior mean?

Towards the front. Signup and view all the answers

What does posterior mean?

Towards the back. Signup and view all the answers

What does cephalic mean?

Towards the head. Signup and view all the answers

What does superior mean?

Above. Signup and view all the answers

What does inferior mean?

Below. Signup and view all the answers

What does proximal mean?

Closer to attachment. Signup and view all the answers

What does distal mean?

Away from attachment. Signup and view all the answers

What does ipsilateral mean?

On the same side of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What does contralateral mean?

On the opposite side of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is gastrocnemius?

Muscles on the back of the leg that flex the knee and ankle. Signup and view all the answers

What is cochlea?

Organ in the inner ear for hearing. Signup and view all the answers

What is a peripheral artery?

Artery on the back of the leg. Signup and view all the answers

Where on the tongue can you taste sweet sensation?

Tip of the tongue. Signup and view all the answers

What is infundibulum?

Funnel-shaped part of the body; opening to the Fallopian tube that catches the egg when released from the ovary. Signup and view all the answers

What are the five types of white blood cells (WBCs)?

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes. Signup and view all the answers

What do neutrophils do?

Phagocytize bacteria through phagocytosis and release microbial chemicals. Signup and view all the answers

What are eosinophils?

Immune cells for parasites, they phagocytize allergens. Signup and view all the answers

What do basophils do?

Release histamine and heparin. Signup and view all the answers

What are lymphocytes?

Responsible for immune memory and antibody formation. Signup and view all the answers

What do monocytes do?

Largest WBCs that turn into macrophages and phagocytize pathogens and dead neutrophils. Signup and view all the answers

What do B cells do?

Identify foreign invaders and produce antibodies; they turn into plasma cells. Signup and view all the answers

What do T cells do?

They target and destroy antibody-detected cells. Signup and view all the answers

What are platelets?

Involved in blood clotting. Signup and view all the answers

What happens on the 14th day of the menstrual cycle?

LH is released from the pituitary and stimulates ovulation; rupture of mature follicle and release of egg. Signup and view all the answers

What is spongy bone?

Found inside the bone, contains red bone marrow, loosely organized. Signup and view all the answers

What is compact bone?

Dense hard exterior surface. Signup and view all the answers

What is axial skeleton?

Skull (cranial bones, facial), vertebral column, thoracic cage. Signup and view all the answers

How many bones are in the vertebral column?

26 (1 sacrum and 1 coccyx). Signup and view all the answers

How many bones are in cervical vertebrae?

<ol start="7"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

How many bones are in thoracic vertebrae?

<ol start="12"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

How many bones are in lumbar vertebrae?

<ol start="5"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is appendicular skeleton?

Pectoral girdle, upper/lower limbs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the gallbladder?

Hollow organ that concentrates bile, aiding in fat digestion. Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the menstrual cycle?

28 days. Signup and view all the answers

What are the parts of quadriceps?

Vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, rectus femoris. Signup and view all the answers

Where is the trachea located?

Mediastinum (thoracic cavity). Signup and view all the answers

In which artery do you take the pulse?

Carotid artery. Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

Protein and steroid synthesis; detoxify alcohol, membrane production. Signup and view all the answers

Where do B-lymphocytes develop?

Bone marrow. Signup and view all the answers

Where do T-lymphocytes develop?

Thymus. Signup and view all the answers

Where is the damage to the ulnar nerve located?

Arm. Signup and view all the answers

What does ADH do in the nephrons?

It promotes re-absorption of water in the kidneys, less water is excreted in the urine. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ventral cavity?

Front. Signup and view all the answers

What is the dorsal cavity?

Back. Signup and view all the answers

What does the medulla oblongata do?

Helps in respiration, heart rate regulation, and blood pressure control. Signup and view all the answers

What are hormones?

Chemical messengers transported by the bloodstream that stimulate physiological responses. Signup and view all the answers

What are flagella?

Hair-like projections that sperm use to move, longer than cilia. Signup and view all the answers

What are cilia?

Hair-like projections that move in waves; move debris and play a role in balance and light absorption in the eye; can be motile/non-motile. Signup and view all the answers

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

Estrogen and progesterone. Signup and view all the answers

What are nutrients?

Substances absorbed by small intestines, used for growth, repair and maintenance of the body; e.g., water, carbs, lipids, proteins, and minerals. Signup and view all the answers

Where is the calcaneal located?

Foot. Signup and view all the answers

Buttocks are dorsal.

True Signup and view all the answers

What does the cerebrum aid in?

Movement, memory, and sensory; it is the largest part of the brain containing 4 lobes. Signup and view all the answers

What does the cerebellum aid in?

Motor coordination and sensory input; it serves as a timekeeper and is the 2nd largest part of the brain. Signup and view all the answers

Describe red blood cells.

Contains hemoglobin; disc-shaped, delivers oxygen, most common type of blood cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle?

Left AV valve (bicuspid/mitral). Signup and view all the answers

What is the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle?

Right AV valve (tricuspid). Signup and view all the answers

What do villi do in the small intestine?

They increase the surface area of the intestinal wall, allowing for rapid absorption of digested nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

What muscle draws a limb from the midline?

Abductors. Signup and view all the answers

What tastes are located on the side of the tongue?

Sour and salty. Signup and view all the answers

What tastes are located on the tip of the tongue?

Sweet. Signup and view all the answers

What tastes are located at the back of the tongue?

Bitter. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four steroid hormones?

Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol (derived from cholesterol). Signup and view all the answers

What does estrogen do?

Stimulates fetal development and helps the body adapt to pregnancy. Signup and view all the answers

What does progesterone do?

Helps regulate the menstrual cycle. Signup and view all the answers

What does aldosterone do?

Promotes sodium and water retention and excretion. Signup and view all the answers

What does cortisol do?

Regulates calcium levels. Signup and view all the answers

What are protein hormones?

Insulin from the pancreas and hormones from pituitary glands. Signup and view all the answers

What is protein synthesis?

The process occurs in ribosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What is Addison's disease?

An endocrine/hormonal disorder where adrenal glands don't produce enough cortisol or aldosterone; causes hypertension and weight loss. Signup and view all the answers

What is renal artery?

Artery associated with kidneys. Signup and view all the answers

What is the carotid body?

Chemo-receptors located here regulate circulation and respiration. Signup and view all the answers

What artery supplies blood to the kidney?

Renal artery. Signup and view all the answers

What artery supplies blood to the liver?

Hepatic artery. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Tropic Hormones

Tropic hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and influence other endocrine glands.
The anterior pituitary releases FLAT PiG hormones: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, PRL, and GH.
Posterior pituitary hormones include ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) and OT (Oxytocin).

Pituitary Gland Structure

Anterior lobe: adenohypophysis.
Posterior lobe: neurohypophysis.

Hormone Functions

FSH: Stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and sperm production.
LH: Induces ovulation and testosterone secretion.
ACTH: Stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids.
TSH: Stimulates the thyroid to secrete thyroid hormones.
PRL: Promotes milk synthesis and increases sensitivity to LH in men.
GH: Encourages growth of tissues.

Other Hormones

ADH: Promotes water retention in kidneys, preventing dehydration.
OT: Facilitates labor contractions, milk release, and bonding behaviors.

Epithelial Tissue Types

Simple Squamous: Thin layer facilitating rapid diffusion and lubrication.
Simple Cuboidal: Found in organs like the liver, involved in absorption and secretion.
Simple Columnar: Tall cells lining stomach/uterus, responsible for absorption and mucus secretion.
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar: Appears multilayered, secretes and propels mucus in the respiratory tract.
Keratinized Stratified Squamous: Protects skin; resists abrasion.
Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous: Found in the tongue and vagina; resists abrasion and pathogen penetration.
Stratified Cuboidal: In sweat gland ducts, involved in sweat and hormone secretion.
Transitional Epithelium: Allows stretching in the urinary tract.

Body Systems and Terminology

Four main tissue types: connective, nervous, epithelial, muscular.
Hypothalamus regulates appetite, sleep, and thirst along with hormone secretion.
Anatomical terms:
- Ventral: Front side of the body.
- Dorsal: Back side of the body.
- Anterior: Forward movement.
- Posterior: Backward movement.
- Superior: Above.
- Inferior: Below.
- Proximal: Closer to root attachment.
- Distal: Farther from root attachment.
- Ipsilateral: Same side of the body.
- Contralateral: Opposite side of the body.

Muscular and Skeletal Anatomy

Gastrocnemius muscles, located in the back of the legs, flex the knee and ankle.
Axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.
Appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral girdle and limbs.
Number of vertebrae: 26 in the column; includes 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar vertebrae.
Compact bone has a dense, hard exterior; spongy bone contains red marrow and is located within bones.

Blood and Immune System

Types of white blood cells: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes.
Neutrophils phagocytize bacteria; eosinophils deal with parasites; basophils release histamine; lymphocytes are responsible for immune memory; monocytes develop into macrophages for pathogen clearance.
B-cells produce antibodies; T-cells target and destroy infected cells.
Platelets assist in blood clotting.

Additional Body Functions and Processes

Menstrual cycle: LH surge on day 14 triggers ovulation.
Gallbladder concentrates bile for fat digestion.
Nutrients absorbed by small intestines are crucial for growth and maintenance.
The cerebrum controls movement, memory, and sensory functions; the cerebellum coordinates motor function and timing.

Hormonal Regulation

Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone.
Steroid hormones include estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, and cortisol.
Addison's disease results from insufficient production of cortisol and aldosterone, leading to various symptoms.

Blood Circulation

Renal artery supplies blood to the kidneys; hepatic artery supplies blood to the liver.
Carotid body includes chemoreceptors that regulate heart and respiratory function.

Other Anatomical Considerations

Infundibulum captures the egg during ovulation.
Villi in the small intestine increase absorption surface area.
Types of pulses can be taken from the carotid artery.

This structured overview provides essential details for study and review of tropic hormones, their functions, and related anatomical concepts.

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Description

This quiz covers the various tropic hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, their functions, and the structure of the pituitary gland. Understand the roles of hormones like FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, PRL, and GH, along with posterior pituitary hormones ADH and OT. Test your knowledge on this critical component of the endocrine system.