Endocrine System: Pituitary Gland and Hormones

Tropic Hormones

• Tropic hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and influence other endocrine glands.
• The anterior pituitary releases FLAT PiG hormones: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, PRL, and GH.
• Posterior pituitary hormones include ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) and OT (Oxytocin).

Pituitary Gland Structure

• Anterior lobe: adenohypophysis.
• Posterior lobe: neurohypophysis.

Hormone Functions

• FSH: Stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and sperm production.
• LH: Induces ovulation and testosterone secretion.
• ACTH: Stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids.
• TSH: Stimulates the thyroid to secrete thyroid hormones.
• PRL: Promotes milk synthesis and increases sensitivity to LH in men.
• GH: Encourages growth of tissues.

Other Hormones

• ADH: Promotes water retention in kidneys, preventing dehydration.
• OT: Facilitates labor contractions, milk release, and bonding behaviors.

Epithelial Tissue Types

• Simple Squamous: Thin layer facilitating rapid diffusion and lubrication.
• Simple Cuboidal: Found in organs like the liver, involved in absorption and secretion.
• Simple Columnar: Tall cells lining stomach/uterus, responsible for absorption and mucus secretion.
• Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar: Appears multilayered, secretes and propels mucus in the respiratory tract.
• Keratinized Stratified Squamous: Protects skin; resists abrasion.
• Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous: Found in the tongue and vagina; resists abrasion and pathogen penetration.
• Stratified Cuboidal: In sweat gland ducts, involved in sweat and hormone secretion.
• Transitional Epithelium: Allows stretching in the urinary tract.

Body Systems and Terminology

• Four main tissue types: connective, nervous, epithelial, muscular.
• Hypothalamus regulates appetite, sleep, and thirst along with hormone secretion.
• Anatomical terms:
  • Ventral: Front side of the body.
  • Dorsal: Back side of the body.
  • Anterior: Forward movement.
  • Posterior: Backward movement.
  • Superior: Above.
  • Inferior: Below.
  • Proximal: Closer to root attachment.
  • Distal: Farther from root attachment.
  • Ipsilateral: Same side of the body.
  • Contralateral: Opposite side of the body.

Muscular and Skeletal Anatomy

• Gastrocnemius muscles, located in the back of the legs, flex the knee and ankle.
• Axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.
• Appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral girdle and limbs.
• Number of vertebrae: 26 in the column; includes 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar vertebrae.
• Compact bone has a dense, hard exterior; spongy bone contains red marrow and is located within bones.

Blood and Immune System

• Types of white blood cells: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes.
• Neutrophils phagocytize bacteria; eosinophils deal with parasites; basophils release histamine; lymphocytes are responsible for immune memory; monocytes develop into macrophages for pathogen clearance.
• B-cells produce antibodies; T-cells target and destroy infected cells.
• Platelets assist in blood clotting.

Additional Body Functions and Processes

• Menstrual cycle: LH surge on day 14 triggers ovulation.
• Gallbladder concentrates bile for fat digestion.
• Nutrients absorbed by small intestines are crucial for growth and maintenance.
• The cerebrum controls movement, memory, and sensory functions; the cerebellum coordinates motor function and timing.

Hormonal Regulation

• Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone.
• Steroid hormones include estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, and cortisol.
• Addison's disease results from insufficient production of cortisol and aldosterone, leading to various symptoms.

Blood Circulation

• Renal artery supplies blood to the kidneys; hepatic artery supplies blood to the liver.
• Carotid body includes chemoreceptors that regulate heart and respiratory function.

Other Anatomical Considerations

• Infundibulum captures the egg during ovulation.
• Villi in the small intestine increase absorption surface area.
• Types of pulses can be taken from the carotid artery.

This structured overview provides essential details for study and review of tropic hormones, their functions, and related anatomical concepts.