45 Questions
What is the primary function of the central nervous system (CNS) in regulating respiration?
To control breathing patterns
What is the term for the maintenance of a stable internal environment?
Homeostasis
What is the role of chemoreceptors in the respiratory control system?
To detect changes in blood gases
What is the term for the amount of air that enters the lungs with each breath?
Tidal volume
What is the effect of an increase in arterial PCO2 on alveolar ventilation?
It increases alveolar ventilation
What is the role of the medullary respiratory center in the respiratory control system?
It regulates breathing patterns
What is the term for the amount of air that enters the lungs per minute?
Minute ventilation
What is the abbreviation for partial pressure of oxygen?
PaO2
What is the term for the group of muscles that contract to facilitate inspiration?
Muscles of inspiration
What is the result of damage or functional impairment in any of the respiratory control system's structural components?
Breathing abnormalities, chemical imbalance, or inadequate gas exchange
What is the term for normal respiration or breathing?
Eupnea
What is the term for the absence of breathing?
Apnea
What is the term for the amount of air in each normal breath?
Tidal Volume
What are the two aspects of respiration that can be regulated or controlled?
Respiratory Rate and Depth of Respiration
What is the result of prolonged apnea?
A flat line on the respiratory monitor
What is the definition of tidal volume?
The amount of air in each normal breath
What is the term for the number of breaths in a minute?
Respiratory Rate
What are the two aspects of respiration that are usually looked for during a physical examination?
Respiratory Rate and Depth of Respiration
What happens to the inspiration when the pneumotaxic center inhibits the inspiratory ramp signal?
The respiratory rate increases
What is the function of the apneustic center?
To stimulate inspiration
What happens when the pneumotaxic center reaches its threshold?
The process of inspiration stops
What is the effect of the pneumotaxic center on the inspiratory ramp signal?
It switches off the signal
Where is the apneustic center located?
In the lower pons
What happens to the lungs when inspiration continues for 5 or more seconds?
They fill with much greater amounts of air
What is the function of the inhibitory neurons from the pons?
To switch off the inspiratory ramp signal
What happens to the respiratory rate when the duration of inspiration is shortened?
It increases
What is the normal result of the pneumotaxic center's action?
Passive expiration
What is the normal respiratory rate in adults?
12-20 breaths per minute
What is the pattern of firing of inspiratory neurons during inspiration?
Weak and gradually increasing
What is the duration of the inspiratory phase?
Approximately 2 seconds
What is the role of the pneumotaxic center?
To control the duration of the filling phase of the lung cycle
What is the effect of pneumotaxic signaling on inspiration?
It terminates inspiration
What is the location of the pneumotaxic center?
In the dorsal aspect of the nucleus parabrachialis of the upper pons
What is the role of the pons in respiration?
It coordinates with the medulla to produce a smooth transition between inspiration and expiration
What is the effect of strong pneumotaxic signaling on the duration of inspiration?
It terminates inspiration early
What is the purpose of the apneustic center?
Not mentioned in the text
What is the medical term for an unpleasant conscious awareness of the difficulty in breathing?
Dyspnea
What is the normal breathing frequency range for adults?
12-20 breaths per minute
What is the term for abnormally slow breathing with a rate that is lower than normal for age?
Bradypnea
What is the term for increased volume and/or increased rate of breathing but the respiratory rate is still within the normal range?
Hyperpnea
What is the term for a decrease in arterial PCO2 due to increased respiratory rate and/or increased tidal volume?
Hyperventilation
What is the term for insufficient ventilation leading to an increase in arterial PCO2?
Hypoventilation
What are the 3 major groups of neurons for the central control of respiration?
Pontine, Dorsal, and Ventral Respiratory Groups
What is the location of the Dorsal Respiratory Group?
Dorsomedial medulla
Why is it important for a doctor to know the functions of each respiratory group?
To anticipate the effects on ventilation if there is a lesion in the brainstem
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