week 2 Respiratory Physiology

38 ATP + CO2 + H2O

2 lactic acid + 2 ATP

To facilitate the exchange of oxygen into the bloodstream

Alveolar pressure (PA) is greater than both the arterial (Pa) and venous pressures (Pv).

The pressure gradient is between the arterial pressure and the alveolar pressure.

Systemic circulation involves the circulation of oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body, whereas pulmonary circulation involves the circulation of deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

The pressure gradient is between the arterial and venous pressures.

Alveoli are the site of gas exchange between the lungs and the blood, where oxygen diffuses from the inhaled air into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the exhaled air.

It helps regulate the affinity between Hb and O2, acting as a repellent.

The oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve shows the relationship between oxygen saturation and partial pressure of oxygen, and it helps to understand how oxygen is delivered to the body's tissues.

SaO2 is the oxygen saturation of arterial blood, while PaO2 is the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood.

To define the functional zones of pulmonary blood flow based on the relevant pressure gradient.

VQ mismatch refers to the mismatch between ventilation and perfusion, and its two components are shunt and dead space.

The normal range of hemoglobin in adults is typically between 13.5 and 17.5 g/dL.

V/Q mismatch refers to the imbalance between ventilation and perfusion in the lungs, and it can lead to respiratory failure and impaired oxygen delivery.

Increasing FiO2 can increase oxygen delivery to the body's tissues, but it may also have negative effects such as oxygen toxicity and absorption atelectasis.

Shunt refers to the flow of blood through the lungs that is not oxygenated, while dead space refers to the volume of air that is breathed in but does not participate in gas exchange.

Ejection fraction is the percentage of the ventricular volume that is ejected with each heartbeat, and it affects cardiac output.

Hemoglobin binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it in the tissues

It shows the relationship between oxygen and hemoglobin in oxygen delivery

Alveoli are responsible for facilitating gas exchange by allowing oxygen to diffuse into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to diffuse out. They are surrounded by a network of lung capillaries, which provide a large surface area for gas exchange to occur.

The oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve is a graph that illustrates the relationship between oxygen saturation (SaO2) and partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2). It is significant because it shows how oxygen binds to haemoglobin and releases it to tissues.

V/Q mismatch refers to the imbalance between ventilation (V) and perfusion (Q) in the lungs, leading to inefficient gas exchange. Its two components are shunt (perfusion without ventilation) and dead space (ventilation without perfusion).

The variables of oxygen delivery are cardiac output (CO), oxygen saturation (SaO2), haemoglobin (Hb), and partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2). They are significant because they determine the amount of oxygen delivered to tissues.

SaO2 is the percentage of oxygen saturation in arterial blood, while PaO2 is the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood. Clinically, SaO2 reflects the effectiveness of oxygenation, while PaO2 reflects the actual oxygen levels in the blood.

Increasing FiO2 increases the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli, which increases oxygen delivery to tissues. It is clinically indicated in patients with hypoxia or respiratory failure.

2,3 DPG acts as a repellent, helping to reduce the affinity between Hb and O2, promoting the unloading of oxygen in the tissues.

The low concentration of O2 in the tissues weakens the affinity of Hb for O2, promoting the unloading of oxygen.

The zones of pulmonary blood flow define the functional areas of the lung based on the pressure gradients that actuate blood flow.

VQ mismatch, which consists of shunt and dead space, is a key concept in understanding respiratory physiology, as it describes the imbalance between ventilation and perfusion in the lungs.

The oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve describes the relationship between oxygen and Hb, and is critical for understanding how oxygen is delivered to the tissues.

78 % nitrogen 21% oxygen 1% co2, argon, water vapour

mitochondria

cytoplasm

Lungs: Lower temperature High level of O2 More affinity - holds onto it Less 2,3 DPG

Muscles/placenta: Increased temperature (more blood flow) Higher level of CO2 (more acidic environment) High requirement of O2 (Exercise) Less affinity- needs to unload More 2,3 DPG

co, Hb,pao2 and Sao2

odc shifting fio2 diffusion across alveolar and capillary

fio2 diffusion across alveolar and capillary

Voluntary OR Cellular metabolism generates CO2 High levels of CO2 detected centrally Phrenic nerve innervated Diaphragm moves down intercostals gases move out mixed gas come in gas exchange occurs