week 2 Respiratory Physiology

38 ATP + CO2 + H2O

2 lactic acid + 2 ATP

To facilitate the exchange of oxygen into the bloodstream

<p>Alveolar pressure (PA) is greater than both the arterial (Pa) and venous pressures (Pv).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pressure gradient is between the arterial pressure and the alveolar pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systemic circulation involves the circulation of oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body, whereas pulmonary circulation involves the circulation of deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pressure gradient is between the arterial and venous pressures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alveoli are the site of gas exchange between the lungs and the blood, where oxygen diffuses from the inhaled air into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the exhaled air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps regulate the affinity between Hb and O2, acting as a repellent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve shows the relationship between oxygen saturation and partial pressure of oxygen, and it helps to understand how oxygen is delivered to the body's tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SaO2 is the oxygen saturation of arterial blood, while PaO2 is the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To define the functional zones of pulmonary blood flow based on the relevant pressure gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>VQ mismatch refers to the mismatch between ventilation and perfusion, and its two components are shunt and dead space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The normal range of hemoglobin in adults is typically between 13.5 and 17.5 g/dL.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>V/Q mismatch refers to the imbalance between ventilation and perfusion in the lungs, and it can lead to respiratory failure and impaired oxygen delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing FiO2 can increase oxygen delivery to the body's tissues, but it may also have negative effects such as oxygen toxicity and absorption atelectasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shunt refers to the flow of blood through the lungs that is not oxygenated, while dead space refers to the volume of air that is breathed in but does not participate in gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ejection fraction is the percentage of the ventricular volume that is ejected with each heartbeat, and it affects cardiac output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemoglobin binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it in the tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It shows the relationship between oxygen and hemoglobin in oxygen delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alveoli are responsible for facilitating gas exchange by allowing oxygen to diffuse into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to diffuse out. They are surrounded by a network of lung capillaries, which provide a large surface area for gas exchange to occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve is a graph that illustrates the relationship between oxygen saturation (SaO2) and partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2). It is significant because it shows how oxygen binds to haemoglobin and releases it to tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>V/Q mismatch refers to the imbalance between ventilation (V) and perfusion (Q) in the lungs, leading to inefficient gas exchange. Its two components are shunt (perfusion without ventilation) and dead space (ventilation without perfusion).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The variables of oxygen delivery are cardiac output (CO), oxygen saturation (SaO2), haemoglobin (Hb), and partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2). They are significant because they determine the amount of oxygen delivered to tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SaO2 is the percentage of oxygen saturation in arterial blood, while PaO2 is the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood. Clinically, SaO2 reflects the effectiveness of oxygenation, while PaO2 reflects the actual oxygen levels in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing FiO2 increases the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli, which increases oxygen delivery to tissues. It is clinically indicated in patients with hypoxia or respiratory failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2,3 DPG acts as a repellent, helping to reduce the affinity between Hb and O2, promoting the unloading of oxygen in the tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The low concentration of O2 in the tissues weakens the affinity of Hb for O2, promoting the unloading of oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The zones of pulmonary blood flow define the functional areas of the lung based on the pressure gradients that actuate blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>VQ mismatch, which consists of shunt and dead space, is a key concept in understanding respiratory physiology, as it describes the imbalance between ventilation and perfusion in the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve describes the relationship between oxygen and Hb, and is critical for understanding how oxygen is delivered to the tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>78 % nitrogen 21% oxygen 1% co2, argon, water vapour</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lungs: Lower temperature High level of O2 More affinity - holds onto it Less 2,3 DPG</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscles/placenta: Increased temperature (more blood flow) Higher level of CO2 (more acidic environment) High requirement of O2 (Exercise) Less affinity- needs to unload More 2,3 DPG</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>co, Hb,pao2 and Sao2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>odc shifting fio2 diffusion across alveolar and capillary</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>fio2 diffusion across alveolar and capillary</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Voluntary OR Cellular metabolism generates CO2 High levels of CO2 detected centrally Phrenic nerve innervated Diaphragm moves down intercostals gases move out mixed gas come in gas exchange occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers