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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?

  • Controlling voluntary movement of skeletal muscles
  • Regulating the involuntary movement of smooth muscles and glands (correct)
  • Transmitting signals from the hypothalamus to the spinal cord
  • Connecting the central nervous system to the peripheral nervous system

    • Where do signals for the autonomic nervous system originate?

  • Sympathetic ganglion
  • Preganglionic neurons
  • Thoracic and lumbar spinal cord nuclei
  • Hypothalamus (correct)

    • What is the function of preganglionic neuron cell bodies?

  • To transmit signals from the spinal cord to the sympathetic ganglion (correct)
  • To regulate the activity of postganglionic neurons
  • To synapse with hypothalamic neurons
  • To generate signals for the autonomic nervous system

    • What is the main difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

    <p>The sympathetic nervous system stimulates activity, while the parasympathetic calms activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of alpha blockers and beta blockers in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>To preventcatecholamines from stimulating receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do hypothalamic neurons transmit signals to the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord nuclei?

    <p>Through their relatively long axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of second-generation beta blockers over first-generation beta blockers?

    <p>They do not cause bronchoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following beta blockers is commonly used in the treatment of chronic hypertension in pregnancy?

    <p>Labetalol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of third-generation beta blockers?

    <p>Orthostatic hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which beta blocker has antioxidant properties?

    <p>Carvedilol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of first-generation beta blockers?

    <p>Coronary artery disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a feature of third-generation beta blockers?

    <p>Alpha1 blockade in addition to beta1 blockade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of second-generation beta blockers in individuals with diabetes?

    <p>They are less likely to cause hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of second-generation beta blockers?

    <p>Beta1 blockade only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which beta blocker is often administered intravenously in hypertensive emergency?

    <p>Labetalol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between second-generation and third-generation beta blockers?

    <p>Presence of alpha blockade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the scientist being pregnant in the third stage?

    <p>It is the drug of choice to treat hypertension during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the club owner trying to wash away the smell with a hose that’s shooting out red colored water represent?

    <p>The drug is used to treat peripheral vascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the man who stood up too quickly and becomes dizzy at the beta 1 table represent?

    <p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the giraffe with a neck brace at the beta 2 table represent?

    <p>Bronchoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the beta blockers in stage three?

    <p>They cause vasodilation and can be used to treat peripheral vascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the presence of both beta 1 and alpha 1 tables in stage three?

    <p>Both receptors can lead to hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of blocking beta2 receptors in the lungs?

    <p>Bronchoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of beta2 blockade on motility in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Speeds up motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of propranolol on the brain?

    <p>Penetrates the blood-brain barrier and induces vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of beta blockers on gluconeogenesis in the liver?

    <p>Decreases glucose release into the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indication for using beta blockers in cases of thyroid storm?

    <p>To slow down the heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of inhibition of lipoprotein lipase by beta blockers?

    <p>Increases triglycerides in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are beta blockers contraindicated in COPD and asthma?

    <p>Because they cause bronchoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of suddenly stopping beta blocker treatment?

    <p>Rebound tachycardia and hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique feature of acebutolol compared to other beta1 selective blockers?

    <p>It is a partial beta1 receptor agonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of beta blockers on the pancreas?

    <p>Decreases glucagon release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>To maximize blood flow to the muscles and brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of beta1 adrenergic receptors in the kidney?

    <p>To stimulate juxtaglomerular cells to release renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of beta2 adrenergic receptors?

    <p>Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of beta blockers on the heart?

    <p>Decrease heart rate and contractility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of pindolol?

    <p>A partial agonist of beta receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of blocking beta1 receptors in the kidney?

    <p>Decrease renin release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of beta blockers on blood pressure?

    <p>Decrease blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of beta2 adrenergic receptors in the liver?

    <p>Increase glucose release into the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of beta2 adrenergic receptors in the eyes?

    <p>Increase aqueous humor secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lipoprotein lipase?

    <p>Break down triglycerides into free fatty acids and cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which certain antihypertensives decrease blood pressure?

    <p>Inhibiting vasoconstriction and water reabsorption in the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main risk factor for which hypertension is a major contributor?

    <p>Heart disease and stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the pressure in the hose analogy?

    <p>The amount of water pumped out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the system that regulates blood pressure in response to low blood pressure?

    <p>The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is secreted by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure?

    <p>Renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is broken down by renin in the bloodstream?

    <p>Angiotensinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of angiotensin II on vascular smooth muscle?

    <p>Vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of direct renin inhibitors?

    <p>Inhibition of renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ACE inhibitors on the kidneys?

    <p>Natriuresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common side effect of ACE inhibitors?

    <p>Dry cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of angiotensin II receptor blockers?

    <p>Blockage of angiotensin II receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of aliskiren on angiotensin I levels?

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for using ACE inhibitors in heart failure?

    <p>To decrease afterload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ACE inhibitors on potassium levels?

    <p>Increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should ACE inhibitors be used with caution in patients with renal impairment?

    <p>Because they are eliminated by the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using ACE inhibitors in patients with hypertension and heart failure?

    <p>They decrease afterload and peripheral vascular resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists in terms of their effect on bradykinin levels?

    <p>ACE inhibitors increase bradykinin levels, while angiotensin II receptor antagonists do not affect them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of both ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are angiotensin II receptor antagonists not the first-line medications for hypertension, heart failure, and MIs?

    <p>They are only used if ACE inhibitors cannot be tolerated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the reindeer in the RAAS ski lodge mnemonic?

    <p>It represents the renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major difference between candesartan and losartan compared to valsartan in terms of their dosage?

    <p>Candesartan and losartan are given twice daily, while valsartan is given once daily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common indication for ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, and aliskiren?

    <p>Hypertension, heart failure, and MIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of angiotensin II receptor antagonists over ACE inhibitors?

    <p>They cause less cough and angioedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the pregnant lady in the RAAS ski lodge mnemonic?

    <p>She represents the contraindication for all three classes of medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common side effect shared by ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the alternative medication for hypertension during pregnancy?

    <p>Labetalol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which calcium channel blockers help to reduce hypertension?

    <p>By vasodilating the peripheral blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for using verapamil?

    <p>Treating arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which calcium channel blocker is more effective as a vasodilator?

    <p>Diltiazem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying cause of angina pectoris?

    <p>Atheromatous plaques in the coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of high blood pressure on the blood vessels?

    <p>Increased force of blood exerted on the walls of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers decrease myocardial contractility?

    <p>Inhibition of calcium entry into the cardiac myocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do calcium channel blockers help to treat angina pectoris?

    <p>By vasodilating the peripheral blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of hypertension on the heart?

    <p>Reduced blood flow to the heart muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which calcium channel blocker ends with the suffix '-dipine'?

    <p>Nifedipine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for using non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?

    <p>Bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of vasodilating the peripheral blood vessels?

    <p>Increased area for the same amount of liquid that exerts force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which calcium channel blockers decrease the oxygen demand of the heart?

    <p>By decreasing heart rate and myocardial contractility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of voltage-gated calcium channels in the cardiac muscle?

    <p>To allow calcium ions to enter the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between dihydropyridine and non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?

    <p>Dihydropyridines have a greater effect on blood vessels, while non-dihydropyridines have a greater effect on the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which calcium channel blockers prevent angina?

    <p>By vasodilating the coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary side effect of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for using verapamil?

    <p>Arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which calcium ions cause muscle contraction?

    <p>By binding to troponin regulatory proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between dihydropyridine and non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers in terms of their effect on the heart?

    <p>Dihydropyridines have a lesser effect on the heart, while non-dihydropyridines have a greater effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which calcium channel blockers decrease oxygen supply to the heart?

    <p>By vasoconstricting the coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of calcium channel blockers on blood pressure?

    <p>Decrease blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

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