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Questions and Answers
According to Cluster 5, what is the characteristic of High Sensation Seekers regarding self-control?
Who is credited with the origin of the concept of intelligence?
What is the primary focus of Binet and Simon's intelligence test?
What is the definition of intelligence?
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How is the intelligence quotient (IQ) calculated?
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What is the category of IQ scores between 130-144?
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What is a major debate surrounding IQ testing?
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What is the concept that suggests intelligence is a biologically inherited property varied according to skin color?
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What traits are associated with lower PTSD symptoms, according to the temperament and PTSD research? (Lecture 05)
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Which of the following is a category of temperament according to the Thomas & Chess approach? (Lecture 05)
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What percentage of children are categorized as 'easy' in terms of temperament, according to the Thomas & Chess approach? (Lecture 05)
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What is the term used to describe the correspondence between a child's temperament and the demands of the environment, according to the Thomas & Chess approach? (Lecture 05)
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What is the primary critique of the Thomas & Chess approach, according to recent research? (Lecture 05)
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What type of intervention is currently used to reduce behavior problems in school-age children, based on the temperament-based approach? (Lecture 05)
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What is the primary focus of the NYLS study, according to the Thomas & Chess approach? (Lecture 05)
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What is the term used to describe children who adapt slowly and react negatively to new situations, according to the Thomas & Chess approach? (Lecture 05)
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What is the focus of differential psychology? (From Lecture 01)
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What is an example of an intraindividual difference? (From Lecture 01)
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What is the term used to describe a continuum from minimum to maximum intensity of a given feature? (From Page 3)
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What is the expression of an individual's genes in behavioral traits that can be measured? (From Page 5)
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What is the statistical indicator of the influence of genetic factors on individual differences in behavioral traits? (From Page 5)
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What is the purpose of family studies in behavioral genetics? (From Page 6)
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What is the term used to describe a long-term condition that is revealed in response to a stimulus or in specific situations? (From Page 3)
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What is the equation that represents the relationship between behavior, genetic influences, and environmental influences? (From Page 4)
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Which of the following scenarios is associated with operators having a weak nervous system? (Gurievich, Matvieyev, 1970)
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Which of the following is a characteristic of 'mobile' weavers according to Klimov (1959)?
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What is the main difference between operators with strong and weak nervous systems according to Kopytkova (1964)?
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What is the main concept of Yerkes-Dodson Law? (Lecture 03)
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What is the main characteristic of individuals with low need for stimulation according to Strelau?
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What is the main difference between 'point activity style' and 'interval activity style' according to Wieczorkowska?
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What is the main concept of activation theory related to temperament?
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Which of the following studies found that operators with weak nervous systems perform more control and preventive activities compared to operators with strong nervous systems?
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What is the primary function of protective inhibition in nerve cells? (From 'Protective inhibition' section)
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What is the key characteristic of mobility of nervous processes? (From 'Mobility of nervous processes' section)
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What is the consequence of one action leading to another in the nervous system? (From 'Mobility of nervous processes' section)
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What is the definition of balance of nervous processes? (From 'Balance of the nervous processes' section)
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What is the primary function of mobility of nervous processes? (From 'Mobility of nervous processes' section)
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What is the relationship between excitation and inhibition in balance of nervous processes? (From 'Balance of the nervous processes' section)
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What is the consequence of lack of protective inhibition in nerve cells? (From 'Protective inhibition' section)
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What is the key characteristic of the nervous system's ability to adapt to changing stimuli? (From 'Mobility of nervous processes' section)
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Study Notes
Cluster 5: High Sensation Seekers
- High Sensation Seekers exhibit above-average levels of alcohol and smoking behaviors and below-average levels of self-control.
History of Intelligence
- The concept of intelligence originated from Plato (process of gaining knowledge, recollection, and remembering) and Aristotle (potential intelligence, practical intelligence needed for virtues and cognition).
- The term "intelligence" was invented by Cicero.
- Intelligence tests were first used by Sir Francis Galton to assess intelligence and apply statistics.
Intelligence
- Intelligence refers to the mental capacity to:
- Learn from experiences
- Adapt to new situations
- Understand and handle abstract concepts
- Use knowledge to manipulate one's environment
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
- IQ is a standard measure of an individual's intelligence level based on psychological tests.
- IQ is calculated by dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100 to produce a ratio.
- There are different types of IQs, including deviation IQ, which is computed as a function of the discrepancy of an individual's score from the mean score.
IQ Scoring
- IQ scores range from 40 to 160, with different levels of intelligence corresponding to different scores:
- Moderately impaired or delayed: 40-54
- Mildly impaired or delayed: 55-69
- Borderline impaired or delayed: 70-79
- Low average intelligence: 80-89
- Average: 90-109
- High average: 110-119
- Superior: 120-129
- Gifted or very advanced: 130-144
- Exceptionally gifted or highly advanced: 145-160
Debates on IQ Testing
- Debates on IQ testing include concerns about validity, accuracy of measurement, reliability, and the idea that IQ is a biologically inherited property that varies according to skin color (Jensenism).
Temperament and PTSD
- Individuals with higher briskness and endurance tend to have lower PTSD symptoms, suggesting that these traits may provide some resilience against PTSD.
- Higher emotional reactivity and perseverance are associated with higher PTSD symptoms, indicating that these traits may exacerbate PTSD symptoms.
Temperament Changes and PTSD
- Individuals who show improvement in PTSD symptoms exhibit significant changes in briskness, emotional reactivity, endurance, and activity.
- These changes suggest that effective PTSD treatment can enhance quick reactions, emotional stability, endurance, and overall activity levels.
Thomas and Chess Approach
- The Thomas and Chess approach emphasizes the importance of individual differences and the role of interaction between the individual and the environment.
- The approach also highlights the importance of social demands and expectations.
Roots of the Theory
- The theory is based on clinical observations, results of previous studies, and the concept of "goodness of fit" between individual characteristics and environmental demands.
Categories of Temperament
- There are nine categories of temperament, including:
- Activity: level of motor activity and the amount of time spent being active
- Rhythmicity/regularity: how regular patterns of eating, sleeping, and other bodily functions are
- Response to new things: how a person responds to new experiences
- Adaptability: how a person responds to changes in their environment
- Sensitivity: a person's threshold for stimuli
- Response: the energy levels and intensity of a person's responses
- Disposition: whether a person generally seems happy or unhappy, friendly or unfriendly
- Distractability: how easily a person can be distracted from what they are doing
- Attention span: the span of time that a person will pay attention to one thing when left to their own devices
Types of Temperament
- There are three types of temperament:
- Easy: children who are quick to adapt to new situations and have a positive attitude
- Difficult: children who have a harder time adapting to new situations and don't regularly follow routines
- Slow to warm up: children who adapt slowly and can react negatively, but also show a low intensity in their emotional reactions
Goodness of Fit
- The goodness of fit refers to the correspondence between individual characteristics and environmental demands.
- A good fit leads to optimal development, while a poor fit can lead to maladaptive functioning and distorted development.
Criticisms and Current Approaches
- Criticisms of the Thomas and Chess approach include the use of misleading adjectives, lack of correspondence between difficult temperament and interactionist approach, poor psychometric properties of the tools used, and lack of operationalization of the term "behavior disorder".
- Current approaches include temperament-based interventions, such as a training workshop for preschool day care providers and a parent education program for highly withdrawn children.
Behavioral Genetics
- Behavioral genetics is the study of the biological basis of individual differences.
- The nature vs. nurture debate is a central issue in behavioral genetics, with the equation B = f(GxE) representing the interaction between genetic and environmental influences.
Phenotype and Phenotypic Variance
- The phenotype refers to the expression of an individual's genes in behavioral traits that can be measured.
- Phenotypic variance refers to the variation in behavioral traits that can be attributed to genetic and environmental influences.
Heritability Estimate
- The heritability estimate is a statistical indicator of the influence of genetic factors on individual differences in behavioral traits.
- It represents the proportion of the total variance that is attributable to genetic variation.
Family Studies
- Family studies involve comparing pairs of people with different degrees of relatedness to examine the genetic and environmental influences on individual differences.
Types of Differences
- There are two types of differences:
- Interindividual differences: variations between individuals in one or more traits, behaviors, or characteristics
- Intraindividual differences: differences that are observed within the same person when they are assessed at different times or in different situations
Traits and Factors
- Traits refer to enduring patterns of behavior and thought that are relatively consistent over time and across various situations.
- Factors are more-or-less enduring psychological characteristics that distinguish one person from another and thus help to define each person's individuality.
Disposition and Type
- Disposition refers to the stability of human behavior over time.
- Type refers to the dominant quality or qualities distinguishing a person or a group.
Behavioral Genetics and Environment
- Behavioral genetics examines the biological basis of individual differences, including the interaction between genetic and environmental influences.
- The equation B = f(GxE) represents the interaction between genetic and environmental influences.
Polish Studies on Styles of Action
- Polish studies on styles of action have examined the relationship between operators' efficiency and the strength of their nervous system.
- The studies have found that operators with weak nervous systems perform significantly more control and preventive activities compared to operators with strong nervous systems, who are dominated by executive activities.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
- The Yerkes-Dodson Law states that the relationship between the level of arousal (motivation) and the level of performance (response effectiveness) is curvilinear, with an optimal level of arousal resulting in maximum performance.
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Description
Learn about individuals with high sensation seeking tendencies, characterized by above average alcohol and smoking behaviors and below average self-control.
