Psychology Personality Concepts and Theories

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Questions and Answers

Personality is thought to be ________. (Select one)

Short term and easily changed

Long term, stable and not easily changed (correct)

A pattern of short-term characteristics

Unstable and short term

According to Freud, the devil is similar to the __, and it operates on the principle of _. (Select one)

Ego; reality

Superego; guilt

Superego; reality

Id; pleasure (correct)

According to Freud, Janine is suffering from a fixation at the __________ stage of development. (Select one)

Phallic

Oral (correct)

Genital

Anal

The Oedipus complex occurs in the __ stage of psychosexual development, when the is the genital area. (Select one)

Phallic; erogenous zone Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following psychologists is not a Neo-Freudian? (Select one)

Hans Eysenck Signup and view all the answers

Self-regulation is also known as , and was studied in the __. (Select one)

Will power; marshmallow study Signup and view all the answers

Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________. (Select one)

Extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability Signup and view all the answers

_ refers to one's confidence about his or her ability, and this concept was first proposed by . (Select one)

Self-efficacy; Albert Bandura Signup and view all the answers

According to Rotter's expectancy theory, a person's decision to engage in a behavior is determined by what the person expects to happen following the behavior and by (Select one)

How valuable the outcomes are Signup and view all the answers

Eddie is probably low on , but high on __. (Select one)

Emotional stability; conscientiousness Signup and view all the answers

Which question was central to the marshmallow test? (Select one)

Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later? Signup and view all the answers

As a field, social psychology focuses on ________ in predicting human behavior. (Select one)

Situational factors Signup and view all the answers

If Ogun is making the __ attributional error, he is most likely to think that _. (Select one)

Fundamental; the receiver is not a good one Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statement is correct? (Select one)

People from individualist cultures are more likely to use internal attribution Signup and view all the answers

Which two psychologists conducted the Stanford prisoner study and cognitive dissonance study? (Select one)

Dr. Zimbardo; Dr. Festinger Signup and view all the answers

The persuasiveness of the message can be influenced by all of the following except ___________. (Select one)

Audience's self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

According to cognitive dissonance theory, Ed will later report that experiment was , and Julie will report that it was . (Select one)

Exciting; boring Signup and view all the answers

Examples of cues used in peripheral route persuasion include all of the following except ________. (Select one)

Factual information Signup and view all the answers

We tend to conform to the majority opinion in the group. Which of the following technique can be used to reduce conformity? (Select one)

Make private responses instead of public ones Signup and view all the answers

This phenomenon is best described as __________. (Select one)

Prejudice Signup and view all the answers

Diane and Bruce share their intimate thoughts and emotions, but do not feel the passion they had when they just met. Their love is called ________. (Select one)

Companionate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statement is incorrect? (Select one)

Both sighted and congenital blind men hold the same set of standards to judge women's physical attractiveness Signup and view all the answers

If group members modify their opinions to align with a perceived group consensus, then ________ has occurred. (Select one)

Groupthink Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Personality

Personality is considered long-term, stable, and not easily changed.

Freud's Concepts

In cartoons, the devil symbolizes the id, operating on the principle of pleasure.
A character's fixation on behaviors like smoking and nail-biting indicates issues during the oral stage of development.
The Oedipus complex is present during the phallic stage of psychosexual development, with the genital area as the focus.

Neo-Freudians

Hans Eysenck is not classified as a Neo-Freudian. Notable Neo-Freudians include Karen Horney and Carl Jung.

Self-Regulation

Self-regulation, often referred to as willpower, was examined in the marshmallow study, illustrating delayed gratification.

Personality Dimensions

Hans and Sybil Eysenck identified two key personality dimensions: extroversion/introversion and neuroticism/stability.

Self-Efficacy

Self-efficacy, defined as confidence in one's abilities, was proposed by Albert Bandura.

Rotter's Expectancy Theory

According to this theory, a person’s behavior decisions depend on expected outcomes and their value.

Emotional Stability and Neuroticism

Emotional stability contrasts with neuroticism. Individuals high in emotional stability handle stress calmly.

Marshmallow Test

The primary question of the marshmallow test assesses the ability to resist immediate rewards for greater future benefits.

Social psychology emphasizes situational factors over personality traits, genetic predispositions, or biological forces for predicting behavior.

Attribution Errors

The fundamental attribution error leads individuals to judge others based on perceived character rather than situational factors.

Cultural Influences on Attribution

Individuals from individualistic cultures are more prone to use internal attribution when assessing behavior.

Stanford Studies

Philip Zimbardo conducted the Stanford prison study, while Leon Festinger is known for cognitive dissonance studies.

Persuasiveness

Message effectiveness can be influenced by the credibility of the speaker, the audience's age and gender, but not self-esteem.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Cognitive dissonance explains that Ed will report the experiment as exciting due to lower compensation, while Julie will find it boring despite higher compensation.

Peripheral Route Persuasion

Peripheral cues, excluding factual information, impact persuasion; common examples include celebrity endorsements and attractive models.

Conformity Reduction Techniques

Making private responses can help reduce conformity within a group.

Prejudice

Prejudice is illustrated when one negative interaction shapes a general dislike towards a whole group, such as all Canadians.

Types of Love

Compassionate love occurs when intimacy exists without passion, evident in long-term relationships.

Women's Preferences in Relationships

Women prioritize intelligence more than men in marriages, particularly for resourceful partners.

Groupthink

Groupthink occurs when group members align opinions to match perceived group consensus, potentially hindering independent thought.

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Description

Explore the fundamental principles of personality psychology, including Freud's concepts, Neo-Freudians, and self-regulation theories. This quiz covers key figures, theories, and experiments that shape our understanding of personality development and behavior. Challenge your knowledge of terms such as self-efficacy and personality dimensions.