Psychology Personality Concepts and Theories
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Psychology Personality Concepts and Theories

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Questions and Answers

Personality is thought to be ________. (Select one)

  • Short term and easily changed
  • Long term, stable and not easily changed (correct)
  • A pattern of short-term characteristics
  • Unstable and short term
  • According to Freud, the devil is similar to the __________, and it operates on the principle of _________. (Select one)

  • Ego; reality
  • Superego; guilt
  • Superego; reality
  • Id; pleasure (correct)
  • According to Freud, Janine is suffering from a fixation at the __________ stage of development. (Select one)

  • Phallic
  • Oral (correct)
  • Genital
  • Anal
  • The Oedipus complex occurs in the ________ stage of psychosexual development, when the ______ is the genital area. (Select one)

    <p>Phallic; erogenous zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following psychologists is not a Neo-Freudian? (Select one)

    <p>Hans Eysenck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-regulation is also known as ________, and was studied in the __________. (Select one)

    <p>Will power; marshmallow study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________. (Select one)

    <p>Extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___________ refers to one's confidence about his or her ability, and this concept was first proposed by __________. (Select one)

    <p>Self-efficacy; Albert Bandura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Rotter's expectancy theory, a person's decision to engage in a behavior is determined by what the person expects to happen following the behavior and by (Select one)

    <p>How valuable the outcomes are</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eddie is probably low on __________, but high on ____________. (Select one)

    <p>Emotional stability; conscientiousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which question was central to the marshmallow test? (Select one)

    <p>Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As a field, social psychology focuses on ________ in predicting human behavior. (Select one)

    <p>Situational factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If Ogun is making the __________ attributional error, he is most likely to think that _________. (Select one)

    <p>Fundamental; the receiver is not a good one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statement is correct? (Select one)

    <p>People from individualist cultures are more likely to use internal attribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two psychologists conducted the Stanford prisoner study and cognitive dissonance study? (Select one)

    <p>Dr. Zimbardo; Dr. Festinger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The persuasiveness of the message can be influenced by all of the following except ___________. (Select one)

    <p>Audience's self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to cognitive dissonance theory, Ed will later report that experiment was __________, and Julie will report that it was __________. (Select one)

    <p>Exciting; boring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Examples of cues used in peripheral route persuasion include all of the following except ________. (Select one)

    <p>Factual information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    We tend to conform to the majority opinion in the group. Which of the following technique can be used to reduce conformity? (Select one)

    <p>Make private responses instead of public ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This phenomenon is best described as __________. (Select one)

    <p>Prejudice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diane and Bruce share their intimate thoughts and emotions, but do not feel the passion they had when they just met. Their love is called ________. (Select one)

    <p>Companionate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statement is incorrect? (Select one)

    <p>Both sighted and congenital blind men hold the same set of standards to judge women's physical attractiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If group members modify their opinions to align with a perceived group consensus, then ________ has occurred. (Select one)

    <p>Groupthink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Personality

    • Personality is considered long-term, stable, and not easily changed.

    Freud's Concepts

    • In cartoons, the devil symbolizes the id, operating on the principle of pleasure.
    • A character's fixation on behaviors like smoking and nail-biting indicates issues during the oral stage of development.
    • The Oedipus complex is present during the phallic stage of psychosexual development, with the genital area as the focus.

    Neo-Freudians

    • Hans Eysenck is not classified as a Neo-Freudian. Notable Neo-Freudians include Karen Horney and Carl Jung.

    Self-Regulation

    • Self-regulation, often referred to as willpower, was examined in the marshmallow study, illustrating delayed gratification.

    Personality Dimensions

    • Hans and Sybil Eysenck identified two key personality dimensions: extroversion/introversion and neuroticism/stability.

    Self-Efficacy

    • Self-efficacy, defined as confidence in one's abilities, was proposed by Albert Bandura.

    Rotter's Expectancy Theory

    • According to this theory, a person’s behavior decisions depend on expected outcomes and their value.

    Emotional Stability and Neuroticism

    • Emotional stability contrasts with neuroticism. Individuals high in emotional stability handle stress calmly.

    Marshmallow Test

    • The primary question of the marshmallow test assesses the ability to resist immediate rewards for greater future benefits.

    Social Psychology

    • Social psychology emphasizes situational factors over personality traits, genetic predispositions, or biological forces for predicting behavior.

    Attribution Errors

    • The fundamental attribution error leads individuals to judge others based on perceived character rather than situational factors.

    Cultural Influences on Attribution

    • Individuals from individualistic cultures are more prone to use internal attribution when assessing behavior.

    Stanford Studies

    • Philip Zimbardo conducted the Stanford prison study, while Leon Festinger is known for cognitive dissonance studies.

    Persuasiveness

    • Message effectiveness can be influenced by the credibility of the speaker, the audience's age and gender, but not self-esteem.

    Cognitive Dissonance Theory

    • Cognitive dissonance explains that Ed will report the experiment as exciting due to lower compensation, while Julie will find it boring despite higher compensation.

    Peripheral Route Persuasion

    • Peripheral cues, excluding factual information, impact persuasion; common examples include celebrity endorsements and attractive models.

    Conformity Reduction Techniques

    • Making private responses can help reduce conformity within a group.

    Prejudice

    • Prejudice is illustrated when one negative interaction shapes a general dislike towards a whole group, such as all Canadians.

    Types of Love

    • Compassionate love occurs when intimacy exists without passion, evident in long-term relationships.

    Women's Preferences in Relationships

    • Women prioritize intelligence more than men in marriages, particularly for resourceful partners.

    Groupthink

    • Groupthink occurs when group members align opinions to match perceived group consensus, potentially hindering independent thought.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental principles of personality psychology, including Freud's concepts, Neo-Freudians, and self-regulation theories. This quiz covers key figures, theories, and experiments that shape our understanding of personality development and behavior. Challenge your knowledge of terms such as self-efficacy and personality dimensions.

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