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Questions and Answers
What is metaplasia?
In which condition is metaplasia likely to occur?
What change occurs in the esophagus due to gastroesophageal reflux?
Which tumors are known to rarely metastasize?
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What defines dysplasia in epithelial tissues?
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What architectural change is noted in dysplastic squamous epithelium?
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What is the typical endpoint for hematogenous spread of tumors?
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Which feature is commonly observed in dysplastic cells?
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Which factor increases the likelihood of metastases according to Walkers Law?
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What is a characteristic of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma?
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What is one common exception mentioned regarding newly diagnosed solid tumors?
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What does loss of cellular uniformity in dysplasia lead to?
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What type of tumors exhibit liquid metastasis?
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How does renal cell carcinoma commonly spread?
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What is a primary factor prompting the change of epithelial types in metaplasia?
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What type of spread involves tumor cells resting in the first available capillary bed?
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What elements do portal flow and caval flow commonly reach in the body?
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What factor does NOT contribute to the spread of metastasis?
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Which type of cancer is not typically associated with hematogenous spread?
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What does the Tis stage of malignant neoplasms indicate?
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At what stage is a tumor considered T4?
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Which stage indicates no lymph node involvement?
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What does the N1 stage signify in malignant neoplasms?
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What role do EGF receptors play in cancer growth?
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What characterizes the T2 stage of malignant neoplasms?
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What happens when a specific ligand binds to its receptor?
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What does the description 'TX' signify in the staging of tumors?
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In the staging system, what does the T3 stage refer to?
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Which process describes how tumors induce blood vessel formation?
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What is a potential consequence of overexpressed EGFR in tumors?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of local metastasis?
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What defines the N2 stage in malignant neoplasms?
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What are integrins responsible for in the context of cancer cells?
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What is a characteristic of truncated versions of EGFR?
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Which stage involves small, minimally invasive tumors?
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What is a characteristic size range for malignant fibrous histiocytoma?
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What is the best treatment option for malignant fibrous histiocytoma?
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Which sarcoma is characterized as a wastebasket term for non-specific sarcomas?
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What feature is typical of liposarcoma?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of neoplasms ending in 'blastoma'?
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Which sarcoma is correctly matched with its tissue of origin?
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What is a common characteristic of sarcomas in terms of their local behavior?
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What type of tissue does osteosarcoma primarily originate from?
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Which of the following is NOT typically responsive to chemotherapy or radiation?
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Which type of sarcoma is associated with variations in smooth muscle cells?
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Study Notes
Metaplasia
- Replacement of one cell type with another, usually more resistant to the offending stimulus.
- Often associated with tissue damage, repair, and regeneration.
- Example: Esophagus stratified squamous epithelium changing to gastric glandular mucosa in gastroesophageal reflux, adapting to an acidic environment.
Dysplasia
- Disordered growth in epithelia.
- Loss of cell uniformity and architectural orientation.
- Example: Tall cells in the basal layer of a squamous epithelium may fail to flatten on the surface, replaced by basal-appearing cells with hyperchromatic nuclei.
Metastasis
- Spread of cancer cells to distant sites.
- About 50% of all patients with newly diagnosed solid malignant neoplasms have metastases.
- More anaplastic neoplasms are more likely to metastasize.
- Liver and lungs are the most frequent endpoints of hematogenous spread due to portal flow to the liver and caval flow to lungs.
- Renal cell carcinomas have a propensity to invade the renal vein.
- Venous invasion follows the venous flow, draining the site of the neoplasm with tumor cells at the first available capillary bed.
Local Metastasis
- Cancer cells escape the local tissue and enter lymphatic vessels.
- Example: Osteosarcoma.
Liposarcoma
- A type of sarcoma that arises from fat cells.
- Often well-differentiated with a high recurrence rate following incomplete excision.
Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
- A term used interchangeably with undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma.
- Usually large and fleshy.
- Often characterized by a high growth rate.
Blastoma
- Malignant tumors that resemble primitive embryonic tissues.
- Usually aggressive.
EGF Receptor (HER1 or c-ErbB-1)
- Plays a central role in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival.
- Overexpressed in colon, rectum, head, and neck cancers.
- Ligand binding activates the receptor leading to signal transduction pathways.
Loss of Apoptosis
- Cancer cells avoid programmed cell death.
Angiogenesis
- Blood vessel formation promoted by tumor cells.
- Provides the tumor with oxygen and nutrients.
Integrins
- Proteins that mediate cell attachment to the extracellular matrix.
- Guide cells regarding their environment and function.
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Description
Test your knowledge on pathological concepts such as metaplasia, dysplasia, and metastasis. This quiz covers key definitions, examples, and implications of these critical processes in tissue response and cancer spread. Ideal for students studying pathology or related biomedical fields.
