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Questions and Answers
What characterizes pathological hypertrophy?
Which process involves an increase in the size of cells without an increase in cell number?
Which of the following is NOT a type of cellular adaptation?
What typically induces hypertrophy in non-dividing cells?
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What is the result of physiologic hypertrophy during pregnancy?
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Which of the following cellular adaptations is the response to a decrease in workload or stress?
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In which scenario might hyperplasia occur along with hypertrophy?
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Which cellular adaptation leads to a change in phenotype, metabolic activity, or functions of cells in response to environmental changes?
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What is the result of increased workload on cardiac muscle cells?
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What characterizes pathologic hypertrophy in cardiac tissue?
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Which type of hyperplasia is specifically associated with hormone action during development?
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What is a defining feature of pathologic hyperplasia?
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What is the primary physiological cause of atrophy?
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Which of the following is an example of physiologic atrophy?
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What can trigger compensatory hyperplasia?
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What is a consequence of pathologic hyperplasia regarding cancer risk?
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What characterizes coagulative necrosis?
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Which type of necrosis is commonly seen in focal bacterial infections and leads to pus formation?
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What is indicated by the term 'myelin figures' in necrotic cells?
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What defines gangrenous necrosis?
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What histological feature is indicative of necrotic cells on H&E stains?
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What are small clear vacuoles in the cytoplasm indicative of?
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Which alteration is NOT typically associated with reversible cell injury?
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What characterizes necrosis in cells?
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What is a key indicator of irreversible cell injury?
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Which of the following processes is NOT a cause of necrosis?
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What best describes the term 'point of no return' in cell injury?
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What is one characteristic of irreversible cell injury?
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Which of the following is specifically associated with fatty change in cells?
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What type of metaplasia is characterized by the replacement of squamous epithelium with columnar cells?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of reversible cell injury?
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What is one cause of ischemia that can lead to cell injury?
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Which mechanism is primarily responsible for ATP depletion in cell injury?
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Which type of cell injury is characterized by the persistence of a damaging stimulus?
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What is a common outcome of reactive oxygen species accumulation in cells?
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Which type of cell injury is associated with fatty change?
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What is a common cause of cell injury due to chemical agents?
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Study Notes
Cellular Adaptations
- Pathology studies the causes and consequences of human disease through etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, and clinical manifestations.
- Cellular adaptations are reversible changes in size, number, and function due to environmental changes, preserving cell viability.
Types of Cellular Adaptations
- Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size due to increased workload, linked to growth factors and mechanical stress.
- Hyperplasia: Increase in cell number in tissues capable of division, often induced by hormones or growth factors.
- Atrophy: Decrease in cell size leading to reduced tissue size, can be physiologic or pathologic.
- Metaplasia: Replacement of one cell type with another, seen in response to chronic irritation.
Hypertrophy
- Induces larger cells without increasing the number of cells in an affected organ.
- Physiologic hypertrophy is a normal response (e.g., uterine growth in pregnancy).
- Pathologic hypertrophy results from disease, like cardiac hypertrophy due to hypertension.
- Mechanism involves protein synthesis and increased myofilament production; eventually may lead to cardiac failure.
Hyperplasia
- Can be physiologic (e.g., breast glandular epithelium during puberty) or compensatory (e.g., liver regeneration).
- Pathologic hyperplasia occurs due to excessive hormonal action, increasing cancer risk (e.g., endometrial hyperplasia).
Atrophy
- Can result from disuse, nutrient deprivation, or loss of stimulation (e.g., muscle atrophy from immobilization).
- Physiologic examples include atrophy of embryonic structures during development.
Metaplasia
- Common transformation of columnar epithelial cells to squamous cells (e.g., Barrett’s esophagus).
Cell Injury
- Occurs when adaptive capacity is exceeded due to external stressors or insults.
- Injury can be reversible or irreversible based on the severity and persistence of the damaging stimulus.
Types and Causes of Cell Injury
- Reversible Cell Injury: Functional and structural changes can be corrected if the harmful stimulus is removed.
- Irreversible Cell Injury: Permanent changes leading to cell death.
- Causes include:
- Oxygen deprivation (hypoxia, ischemia).
- Physical agents (trauma, temperature extremes).
- Chemical agents and drugs.
- Infectious agents, immunologic reactions, and genetic abnormalities.
Mechanisms of Cell Injury
- ATP depletion, mitochondrial damage, increased membrane permeability, accumulation of damaged DNA and proteins, reactive oxygen species, calcium influx, and endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Features of Reversible Cell Injury
- Characterized by cellular swelling (hydropic change) and fatty changes due to metabolic disruptions.
- Ultrastructural changes include plasma membrane alterations, mitochondrial swelling, and ER dilation.
Irreversible Cell Injury
- Denotes permanent pathological changes leading to cell death, marked by mitochondrial dysfunction and severe membrane disturbances.
Cell Death
- Necrosis: A pathologic process resulting from severe injury, characterized by protein denaturation, cell content leakage, and local inflammation.
- Apoptosis: A programmed form of cell death that is generally less inflammatory.
Necrosis Patterns
- Coagulative Necrosis: Preserved tissue architecture, commonly seen in ischemic injuries.
- Liquefactive Necrosis: Tissue transforms into liquid mass, often in brain infarcts and bacterial infections.
- Gangrenous Necrosis: Typically in limbs with blood supply loss, involving coagulative necrosis across tissue planes.
Morphologic Changes in Necrosis
- Necrotic cells appear eosinophilic on staining, may be glassy or vacuolated, and result in myelin figures leading to potential calcification.
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Description
This quiz covers the introduction to cellular adaptations in pathology, focusing on the four aspects of a disease process including etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, and clinical manifestations. Understand how these elements contribute to the structural and functional changes in cells and organs. Test your knowledge on the foundational concepts of pathology.
