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Questions and Answers
What was Milgram's primary research aim?
What was Milgram's primary research aim?
Milgram's study involved participants who willingly administered real electric shocks.
Milgram's study involved participants who willingly administered real electric shocks.
False
What were the two roles assigned to the participants in Milgram's study?
What were the two roles assigned to the participants in Milgram's study?
Teacher and Learner
Obedience is a form of social influence in which an individual follows a direct _____ from an authority figure.
Obedience is a form of social influence in which an individual follows a direct _____ from an authority figure.
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Match the following outcomes with their corresponding percentages from Milgram's study:
Match the following outcomes with their corresponding percentages from Milgram's study:
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Which of the following factors was NOT a situational variable studied by Milgram?
Which of the following factors was NOT a situational variable studied by Milgram?
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According to Milgram's findings, participants showed no signs of stress during the experiment.
According to Milgram's findings, participants showed no signs of stress during the experiment.
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What was the maximum voltage that participants were instructed to administer in Milgram's experiment?
What was the maximum voltage that participants were instructed to administer in Milgram's experiment?
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The confederate serving as the authority figure in Milgram's study was known as the _____ .
The confederate serving as the authority figure in Milgram's study was known as the _____ .
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What percentage of participants were fully obedient, administering the maximum shock of 450 volts?
What percentage of participants were fully obedient, administering the maximum shock of 450 volts?
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What percentage of psychology students predicted the participants would continue to 450 volts?
What percentage of psychology students predicted the participants would continue to 450 volts?
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All participants in Milgram's study reported regret about their involvement.
All participants in Milgram's study reported regret about their involvement.
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What was the compensation given to Milgram's participants?
What was the compensation given to Milgram's participants?
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The Learner in Milgram's experiment was called _______.
The Learner in Milgram's experiment was called _______.
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Match the following prods used by the Experimenter with their respective statements:
Match the following prods used by the Experimenter with their respective statements:
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Which age range did Milgram's participants fall into?
Which age range did Milgram's participants fall into?
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Participants in Milgram's study received real electric shocks.
Participants in Milgram's study received real electric shocks.
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What did the Learner do at 300 volts?
What did the Learner do at 300 volts?
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Milgram concluded that there were certain factors in the situation that encouraged _______.
Milgram concluded that there were certain factors in the situation that encouraged _______.
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What educational background did the psychology students predicting behaviors belong to?
What educational background did the psychology students predicting behaviors belong to?
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What percentage of participants in the game delivered the maximum shock of 460 volts?
What percentage of participants in the game delivered the maximum shock of 460 volts?
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All participants in Milgram's study believed that the electric shocks were genuine.
All participants in Milgram's study believed that the electric shocks were genuine.
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Who conducted a study in 1972 that involved giving real shocks to a puppy?
Who conducted a study in 1972 that involved giving real shocks to a puppy?
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Participants in Milgram's study showed signs of __________ during the experiment.
Participants in Milgram's study showed signs of __________ during the experiment.
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Match the researchers with their contributions:
Match the researchers with their contributions:
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What limitation did Milgram's study face according to critics?
What limitation did Milgram's study face according to critics?
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100% of women in Sheridan and King's study administered what they believed to be a fatal shock to the puppy.
100% of women in Sheridan and King's study administered what they believed to be a fatal shock to the puppy.
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The concept that Milgram's findings may not reflect true obedience is supported by __________.
The concept that Milgram's findings may not reflect true obedience is supported by __________.
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What behavior did many participants exhibit during the electric shock experiment?
What behavior did many participants exhibit during the electric shock experiment?
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What was the name of the game in which participants believed they were contestants?
What was the name of the game in which participants believed they were contestants?
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80% of participants delivered the maximum electric shock of 460 volts.
80% of participants delivered the maximum electric shock of 460 volts.
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Why did some participants in Milgram's study disobey during the experiment?
Why did some participants in Milgram's study disobey during the experiment?
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What behavior did participants display during the shocking procedure?
What behavior did participants display during the shocking procedure?
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Milgram's research may suffer from _____ internal validity.
Milgram's research may suffer from _____ internal validity.
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What did some participants reportedly believe about the shocks?
What did some participants reportedly believe about the shocks?
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Sheridan and King found that all participants gave fatal shocks to the puppy.
Sheridan and King found that all participants gave fatal shocks to the puppy.
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According to social identity theory, what influences participants' obedience in Milgram's study?
According to social identity theory, what influences participants' obedience in Milgram's study?
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Martin Orne and Charles Holland suggested that participants were simply _____ during Milgram's study.
Martin Orne and Charles Holland suggested that participants were simply _____ during Milgram's study.
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What happens to participants when they receive the fourth prodding statement in Milgram's study?
What happens to participants when they receive the fourth prodding statement in Milgram's study?
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Match the following researchers to their contributions regarding Milgram's findings:
Match the following researchers to their contributions regarding Milgram's findings:
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Study Notes
Obedience Study - Milgram
- Milgram investigated why so many Germans obeyed Hitler's orders during the Holocaust.
- He hypothesized that Germans were inherently more obedient compared to other nationalities.
- He designed a procedure to measure obedience levels.
- The procedure involved 40 American men.
- Participants were assigned the roles of Teacher and Learner in a memory experiment.
- The Learner (a confederate) received fake electric shocks.
- The Teacher (participant) was instructed to increase the shock intensity with each incorrect answer.
- The Experimenter (also a confederate) urged the Teacher to continue.
- A key feature was a shock generator with increasing voltages (15 volts to 450 volts), with verbal labels for shock intensity.
- The shocks were fake, but the Teacher believed they were real, for the most part.
- The baseline findings indicated that 65% of participants delivered the maximum shock of 450 volts.
- Participants displayed extreme signs of stress, including sweating, trembling, stuttering, biting their lips, groaning, and digging fingernails into hands; some even had full-blown seizures.
- The procedure was designed to test obedience in a situational context.
Procedure Details
- Participants were recruited through advertisement and paid $4.50.
- The learner was strapped into a chair and connected to electrodes.
- The teacher, the actual participant, was led to believe the learner was in a separate room.
- The teacher would administer a shock to the learner every time they answered a question incorrectly.
- The shocks started at 15 volts and increased by 15 volts for each wrong answer.
- The shocks were fake, but the teacher did not know this.
- The experimenter urged the teacher to continue administering shocks in a series of "prods," or orders, to continue the task, including four standard "prods."
- Prod 1: "Please continue" or "Please go on."
- Prod 2: "The experiment requires that you continue."
- Prod 3: "It is absolutely essential that you continue."
- Prod 4: "You have no other choice, you must go on."
Findings
- Every participant delivered shocks up to 300 volts.
- 65% of participants administered the maximum shock of 450 volts.
- Participants showed extreme stress, such as sweating, trembling, stuttering, biting their lips, groaning, and digging fingernails into hands; some even had full-blown seizures.
Evaluation
- Strength: Milgram's findings have been replicated in other studies, including a French documentary that replicated almost identical behaviours in contestants.
- Internal Validity Issue: The procedure may not have measured what it intended. Participants may have believed the shocks were real; however 75% of participants said they believed the shocks were real.
- Alternative Interpretation: Social Identity Theory argues that obedience depends on participants identifying with the aims of the scientific/study itself, rather than blindly following authority. Some support for this through participants refusing to go on with shocking after being verbally prodded.
- Ethical Concerns: Participants were deceived about the nature of the study (faked shocks), though all participants were debriefed.
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Description
Explore the fascinating findings of Stanley Milgram's obedience study, which investigated why individuals followed orders to the extent of inflicting pain on others. Learn about the experimental setup, the roles of Teacher and Learner, and the shocking results that revealed human obedience under social pressure. Dive into the implications of this pivotal research on understanding authority and morality.
