Milgram's Obedience Study

Questions and Answers

The five facets of mindfulness questionnaire is an ______ test on mindfulness and its impact on the vital aspect of life.

objective

Observing is one of the five ______ of mindfulness.

aspects

The ______ is a brain region that shows structural changes in experienced meditators.

hippocampus

The study used a ______ design to investigate the potential long-term effect of a mindfulness-based stress reduction program.

longitudinal Signup and view all the answers

The ______ group in the study attended weekly MBSR sessions.

experimental Signup and view all the answers

The study used ______ to measure brain activity.

brain Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is a brain region that shows increased activation in experienced meditators.

insula Signup and view all the answers

The study investigated the changes in ______ in regions of interest.

GMC Signup and view all the answers

Mindful Yoga involves gentle stretching, coordinated, slow movements and breathing with a focus on the ______ experience

moment-to-moment Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is part of the medial temporal lobe, under the cortex, and is part of the limbic system

Hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

A type of scan that creates a clear image of structure inside your body using a large magnet, radio waves, and a computer is called a ______

MRI Signup and view all the answers

Current research in this field focuses on measuring changes in ______ matter concentration

grey Signup and view all the answers

______ is a technique used to compare the relative size of various brain structures between people

Voxel-based morphometry Signup and view all the answers

Voxel-based morphometry always pairs with ______ (T1-weighted)

structural MRI Signup and view all the answers

Researchers can perform ______ analysis, and whole-brain analysis

region of interest Signup and view all the answers

Mindfulness techniques have been incorporated into treatment programmes for people with conditions including anxiety, ______ and substance abuse

chronic pain Signup and view all the answers

The purpose of the investigation is to achieve the ______.

aim Signup and view all the answers

A ______ hypothesis predicts the direction of a relationship between variables.

directional Signup and view all the answers

A testable predicting statement is also known as a ______.

hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

A ______ aim seeks to investigate a link between two variables.

correlational Signup and view all the answers

The research process involves a series of steps, including the ______ process.

research Signup and view all the answers

A ______ hypothesis predicts that there will be an effect, but not the direction of that effect.

non-directional Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is to investigate whether IV Lv.1 or IV Lv.2 affect DV more.

experimental aim Signup and view all the answers

The ______ of the investigation is to achieve the aim.

purpose Signup and view all the answers

Approved by Emory's Institutional Animal care and Use ______

Committee Signup and view all the answers

Data collection involved _____ -minute observations in the outdoor area

25 Signup and view all the answers

The positions of the toys were ______

counterbalanced Signup and view all the answers

After each trial, the toys were ______ and the video tape analyzed

removed Signup and view all the answers

The analysis included 14 male and 3 females ______ from the study

excluded Signup and view all the answers

Males' duration of interaction with wheeled toys was greater than ______ toys

plush Signup and view all the answers

For juvenile, subadult, adult and old, no differences were found in frequency and ______ of interaction

duration Signup and view all the answers

Males (2.06) show significantly lower frequency of play with plush toys compared with ______ (7.97)

females Signup and view all the answers

The MBSR group consisted of 6 males and 10 ______ (mean age = 38).

females Signup and view all the answers

The control group consisted of 11 males and 6 ______ (mean age = 39).

females Signup and view all the answers

Exclusion criteria included being physically and psychologically ______.

healthy Signup and view all the answers

Participants were excluded if they had a history of ______ experience.

meditation Signup and view all the answers

During the eight-week program, homework included informal practice while engaged in daily ______.

tasks Signup and view all the answers

The MBSR group practiced for a total of 22.6 hours of ______ exercises.

MBSR Signup and view all the answers

MBSR participants showed significant increases in scores on the ______ after the completion of the 8-week program.

FFMQ Signup and view all the answers

The control group does not show significant increases over the ______ scale.

FFMQ Signup and view all the answers

The process of defining variables so they can be accurately manipulated, measured, and replicated is known as ______.

operationalization Signup and view all the answers

A variable that can affect the outcome of an experiment but is not the variable of interest is called a ______ variable.

confounding Signup and view all the answers

A ______ variable affects the dependent variable in all levels of the independent variable.

random Signup and view all the answers

Changes in the environment that can influence the results of an experiment are called ______ variables.

situational Signup and view all the answers

A researcher aims to keep potential confounding variables constant through the use of ______.

controls Signup and view all the answers

Features of the experimental situation that give away the aims can lead to ______ characteristics.

demand Signup and view all the answers

The consequences of doing tasks or tests more than once are known as ______ effects.

order Signup and view all the answers

A confounding variable can ______ the effect of the independent variable.

obscure Signup and view all the answers

In the study, the researchers controlled for potential ______ variables by ensuring that all participants were physically and psychologically healthy.

confounding Signup and view all the answers

The researchers operationalized the ______ of play by measuring the duration and frequency of interaction with different types of toys.

behavior Signup and view all the answers

To minimize the potential for ______ effects, the positions of the toys were randomized after each trial.

order Signup and view all the answers

The study controlled for potential ______ variables by ensuring that all participants had no prior experience with mindfulness techniques.

confounding Signup and view all the answers

To control for ______ variables related to age and gender, the researchers ensured that the control and MBSR groups had similar demographics.

confounding Signup and view all the answers

The study operationalized the ______ of mindfulness practice by recording the total hours of formal exercises.

duration Signup and view all the answers

The researchers used a standardized scale to operationalize the ______ of mindfulness.

level Signup and view all the answers

The study controlled for potential ______ variables by excluding participants with a history of mental health conditions.

confounding Signup and view all the answers

The process of defining variables so they can be accurately manipulated, measured, and replicated is known as ______.

operationalization Signup and view all the answers

A variable that can affect the outcome of an experiment but is not the variable of interest is called a ______ variable.

confounding Signup and view all the answers

Changes in the environment that can influence the results of an experiment are called ______ variables.

extraneous Signup and view all the answers

A ______ variable affects the dependent variable in all levels of the independent variable.

confounding Signup and view all the answers

A researcher aims to keep potential confounding variables constant through the use of ______.

controls Signup and view all the answers

Features of the experimental situation that give away the aims can lead to ______ characteristics.

demand Signup and view all the answers

The consequences of doing tasks or tests more than once are known as ______ effects.

practice Signup and view all the answers

A confounding variable can ______ the effect of the independent variable.

mask Signup and view all the answers

The factor in an experiment that is measured and is expected to change under the influence of the ______ is known as the dependent variable.

IV Signup and view all the answers

The factor that is manipulated by the experimenter and is expected to cause a change in the ______ is called the independent variable.

DV Signup and view all the answers

Extraneous variables are those variables that may influence the ______ but are not the independent variable.

DV Signup and view all the answers

A difference in the ______ that is being compared is essential in experimental design.

condition Signup and view all the answers

The factor under investigation that is manipulated to create two or more conditions and is expected to affect the dependent variable is referred to as the ______.

independent variable Signup and view all the answers

Choosing ______ strategies helps researchers control for extraneous variables.

control Signup and view all the answers

The process of ensuring that the same conditions are applied to all participants to avoid bias is known as ______.

controls Signup and view all the answers

Controls help to ensure that ______ variables do not impact the outcome of the experiment.

extraneous Signup and view all the answers

Inter-rater reliability measures the consistency between different ______.

interpreters Signup and view all the answers

Population validity assesses whether the results can be ______ to other members of the population.

generalized Signup and view all the answers

Experimental conditions are situations in an experiment where different levels of the ______ are compared.

IV Signup and view all the answers

The control condition in an experiment is the level of the IV from which the IV is ______.

absent Signup and view all the answers

Mundane realism refers to the extent to which a study's task is not ______.

artificial Signup and view all the answers

Ecological validity indicates that the results of a study can be ______ to real-life settings.

generalized Signup and view all the answers

A selection of the population from which the results will be ______ is known as a sample.

generalized Signup and view all the answers

The experimental design determines how participants are allocated to different levels of the ______.

IV Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Research Methods

Correlational aims: investigate a link between variable A and variable B
Experimental aims: investigate whether IV Lv.1 or IV Lv.2 affect DV more
Hypothesis: a testable predicting statement
Directional hypothesis: predicts the direction of a relationship between variables
Non-directional hypothesis: predicts that there will be an effect, but not the direction of that effect
Clinical uses: incorporated into treatment programs for people with conditions including anxiety, chronic pain, and substance abuse
Types of research: body scanning, mindful yoga, sitting meditation, brain localization

Study 1: Milgram et al. - Obedience

Aim: to investigate obedience
Methods: not specified
Results: not specified
Conclusion: not specified
Evaluation: not specified
Issues and debates: not specified
Link to assumption: not specified

Study 2: Perry et al. - Personal Space

Aim: to investigate personal space
Methods: not specified
Results: not specified
Conclusion: not specified
Evaluation: not specified
Issues and debates: not specified
Link to assumption: not specified

Study 3: Piliavin et al. - Subway Samaritans

Aim: to investigate helping behavior
Methods: not specified
Results: not specified
Conclusion: not specified
Evaluation: not specified
Issues and debates: not specified
Link to assumption: not specified

Mindfulness

Definition: an objective test on mindfulness and its impact on vital aspects of life
Five facets of mindfulness questionnaire:
- Observing: describe
- Describing: acting with awareness
- Acting with awareness: non-judging of inner experience
- Non-judging of inner experience: non-reactivity to inner experience
- Non-reactivity to inner experience: not specified
Brain structures responsible for mindfulness: hippocampus, insula
Brain localization: functionally distinct, physically discrete
Types of scans: MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Measuring changes in gray matter concentration (GMC)

Study 4: Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)

Aim: to investigate the potential long-term effect of a mindfulness-based stress reduction program on brain gray matter concentration (GMC)
Methods: longitudinal design, independent measure design
Participants: 16 in MBSR group, 17 in control group
Procedure:
- MBSR group: 2 weeks before and after participation in MBSR program
- Control group: scan twice, 2 months apart
- Experimental group: attended weekly MBSR sessions
- Control group: had problems with stress but did not receive MBSR program
Results:
- Amount of mindfulness practice: MBSR group practiced 22.6 hours of MBSR exercises
- Improvements in mindfulness measurement scale score (FFMQ results): MBSR group showed significant increases in FFMQ scores

Study 5: MonkeyBehavior

Aim: to investigate monkey behavior
Methods: 7, 25-minute observations were completed in the outdoor area
Participants: 11 males and 23 females
Procedure:
- Before each observation, the observers positioned a pair of toys (one wheeled, one plush) in the outdoor area
- After each trial, the toys were removed and the video tape was analyzed by two observers working together to achieve a consensus
Results:
- Frequency of interaction: males' frequency of interaction for wheeled toys > plush toys
- Duration of interactions: males' duration of interaction with wheeled toys > plush toys
- Analysis of age: no differences were found in frequency and duration of interaction by age for plush and wheeled toy

Variables

Variables affecting the dependent variable (DV) besides the independent variable (IV) are known as extraneous variables.
Extraneous variables can influence the relationship between IV and DV, affecting experimental outcomes.
Types of extraneous variables:
- Participant Variables: Individual differences that can cause variation in results.
- Situational Variables: Environmental factors that can change across different experimental conditions.
- Random Variables: Affect DV at all levels of the IV without a pattern.
- Systematic Variables: Influence DV at only one level of the IV, often referred to as confounding variables.
- Uncontrolled Variables: Those that cannot be managed by researchers, encompassing participant and situational variables.

Operationalisation

The process of defining variables in a way that allows for accurate manipulation and measurement.
Essential for the IV and DV in experiments, as well as in correlational studies.

Controls

Techniques used to keep potential confounding variables constant to ensure valid results.
Increased controls can mitigate:
- Demand Characteristics: Cues that inform participants about the study’s aims, potentially altering their behavior.
- Order Effects: Changes in performance resulting from repeated testing.
Counterbalancing can help address order effects by varying the sequence of conditions for participants.

Validity and Reliability

Validity: The degree to which a study accurately measures what it intends to.
- Internal Validity: Assurance that the changes in the DV are due to the IV alone.
Reliability: The consistency of a measure, ensuring similar results under similar conditions.
- Test-Retest Reliability: Consistency in test results when administered at different times.

Major Experimental Designs

Repeated Measures Design: Same participants engage in all conditions of the IV.
- Strengths: Fewer participants needed; controls for participant variables.
- Weaknesses: Increased susceptibility to demand characteristics and order effects.
Independent Measures Design: Different participants for each condition of the IV.
- Strengths: No order or carryover effects; minimizes demand characteristics.
- Weaknesses: Higher variability due to individual differences.
Matched Pairs Design: Participants are paired based on similarities before being assigned to different conditions.
- Strengths: Reduces participant variability and order effects.
- Weaknesses: Difficulty in finding suitable matches; may result in a smaller sample size.

Ethical Considerations

Protection from Harm: Ensuring participants do not experience physical or psychological distress.
Right to Withdraw: Participants can leave a study at any point without consequence.
Confidentiality: Ensuring participant information is kept anonymous and secure.
Privacy: Respecting personal space and thoughts of participants.
Animal Research Ethics: Includes:
- Replacement: Opting for non-animal methods when possible.
- Species and Strain: Choosing species that suffer less.
- Number of Animals: Using the smallest number necessary.
- Procedures: Avoiding research causing significant distress.
- Housing: Ensuring suitable environments for animals.
- Rewarding Procedures: Favoring positive incentives over unpleasant punishments.

Types of Variables

Dependent Variable (DV): The outcome factor that is measured and expected to change due to the IV.
Independent Variable (IV): The factor that is manipulated in an experiment to observe its effect on the DV.

Generalization and Validity

Population: The entire group that could be studied.
Sample: The subset of the population actually studied.
Population Validity: Degree to which findings can be generalized to the larger population.
Ecological Validity: The extent to which results can apply to real-world settings.
Mundane Realism: The degree of normalcy in the tasks or materials used that allows for real-life applicability.

Experimental Conditions

Experimental Condition: Various situations in an experiment representing different levels of the IV.
Control Condition: A baseline where the IV is absent, used for comparison against experimental conditions.

Research Process

Aim: The purpose or objective of the investigation.
Hypothesis: A testable prediction.
- Directional Hypothesis: Indicates the expected direction of the relationship.
- Non-Directional Hypothesis: Predicts an effect but does not specify the direction.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz covers Milgram's obedience study, including the aim, methods, results, and conclusions. It also touches on related topics in psychology such as personal space and evaluation.