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Questions and Answers
The five facets of mindfulness questionnaire is an ______ test on mindfulness and its impact on the vital aspect of life.
The five facets of mindfulness questionnaire is an ______ test on mindfulness and its impact on the vital aspect of life.
objective
Observing is one of the five ______ of mindfulness.
Observing is one of the five ______ of mindfulness.
aspects
The ______ is a brain region that shows structural changes in experienced meditators.
The ______ is a brain region that shows structural changes in experienced meditators.
hippocampus
The study used a ______ design to investigate the potential long-term effect of a mindfulness-based stress reduction program.
The study used a ______ design to investigate the potential long-term effect of a mindfulness-based stress reduction program.
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The ______ group in the study attended weekly MBSR sessions.
The ______ group in the study attended weekly MBSR sessions.
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The study used ______ to measure brain activity.
The study used ______ to measure brain activity.
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The ______ is a brain region that shows increased activation in experienced meditators.
The ______ is a brain region that shows increased activation in experienced meditators.
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The study investigated the changes in ______ in regions of interest.
The study investigated the changes in ______ in regions of interest.
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Mindful Yoga involves gentle stretching, coordinated, slow movements and breathing with a focus on the ______ experience
Mindful Yoga involves gentle stretching, coordinated, slow movements and breathing with a focus on the ______ experience
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The ______ is part of the medial temporal lobe, under the cortex, and is part of the limbic system
The ______ is part of the medial temporal lobe, under the cortex, and is part of the limbic system
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A type of scan that creates a clear image of structure inside your body using a large magnet, radio waves, and a computer is called a ______
A type of scan that creates a clear image of structure inside your body using a large magnet, radio waves, and a computer is called a ______
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Current research in this field focuses on measuring changes in ______ matter concentration
Current research in this field focuses on measuring changes in ______ matter concentration
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______ is a technique used to compare the relative size of various brain structures between people
______ is a technique used to compare the relative size of various brain structures between people
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Voxel-based morphometry always pairs with ______ (T1-weighted)
Voxel-based morphometry always pairs with ______ (T1-weighted)
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Researchers can perform ______ analysis, and whole-brain analysis
Researchers can perform ______ analysis, and whole-brain analysis
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Mindfulness techniques have been incorporated into treatment programmes for people with conditions including anxiety, ______ and substance abuse
Mindfulness techniques have been incorporated into treatment programmes for people with conditions including anxiety, ______ and substance abuse
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The purpose of the investigation is to achieve the ______.
The purpose of the investigation is to achieve the ______.
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A ______ hypothesis predicts the direction of a relationship between variables.
A ______ hypothesis predicts the direction of a relationship between variables.
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A testable predicting statement is also known as a ______.
A testable predicting statement is also known as a ______.
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A ______ aim seeks to investigate a link between two variables.
A ______ aim seeks to investigate a link between two variables.
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The research process involves a series of steps, including the ______ process.
The research process involves a series of steps, including the ______ process.
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A ______ hypothesis predicts that there will be an effect, but not the direction of that effect.
A ______ hypothesis predicts that there will be an effect, but not the direction of that effect.
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The ______ is to investigate whether IV Lv.1 or IV Lv.2 affect DV more.
The ______ is to investigate whether IV Lv.1 or IV Lv.2 affect DV more.
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The ______ of the investigation is to achieve the aim.
The ______ of the investigation is to achieve the aim.
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Approved by Emory's Institutional Animal care and Use ______
Approved by Emory's Institutional Animal care and Use ______
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Data collection involved _____ -minute observations in the outdoor area
Data collection involved _____ -minute observations in the outdoor area
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The positions of the toys were ______
The positions of the toys were ______
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After each trial, the toys were ______ and the video tape analyzed
After each trial, the toys were ______ and the video tape analyzed
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The analysis included 14 male and 3 females ______ from the study
The analysis included 14 male and 3 females ______ from the study
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Males' duration of interaction with wheeled toys was greater than ______ toys
Males' duration of interaction with wheeled toys was greater than ______ toys
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For juvenile, subadult, adult and old, no differences were found in frequency and ______ of interaction
For juvenile, subadult, adult and old, no differences were found in frequency and ______ of interaction
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Males (2.06) show significantly lower frequency of play with plush toys compared with ______ (7.97)
Males (2.06) show significantly lower frequency of play with plush toys compared with ______ (7.97)
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The MBSR group consisted of 6 males and 10 ______ (mean age = 38).
The MBSR group consisted of 6 males and 10 ______ (mean age = 38).
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The control group consisted of 11 males and 6 ______ (mean age = 39).
The control group consisted of 11 males and 6 ______ (mean age = 39).
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Exclusion criteria included being physically and psychologically ______.
Exclusion criteria included being physically and psychologically ______.
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Participants were excluded if they had a history of ______ experience.
Participants were excluded if they had a history of ______ experience.
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During the eight-week program, homework included informal practice while engaged in daily ______.
During the eight-week program, homework included informal practice while engaged in daily ______.
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The MBSR group practiced for a total of 22.6 hours of ______ exercises.
The MBSR group practiced for a total of 22.6 hours of ______ exercises.
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MBSR participants showed significant increases in scores on the ______ after the completion of the 8-week program.
MBSR participants showed significant increases in scores on the ______ after the completion of the 8-week program.
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The control group does not show significant increases over the ______ scale.
The control group does not show significant increases over the ______ scale.
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The process of defining variables so they can be accurately manipulated, measured, and replicated is known as ______.
The process of defining variables so they can be accurately manipulated, measured, and replicated is known as ______.
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A variable that can affect the outcome of an experiment but is not the variable of interest is called a ______ variable.
A variable that can affect the outcome of an experiment but is not the variable of interest is called a ______ variable.
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A ______ variable affects the dependent variable in all levels of the independent variable.
A ______ variable affects the dependent variable in all levels of the independent variable.
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Changes in the environment that can influence the results of an experiment are called ______ variables.
Changes in the environment that can influence the results of an experiment are called ______ variables.
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A researcher aims to keep potential confounding variables constant through the use of ______.
A researcher aims to keep potential confounding variables constant through the use of ______.
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Features of the experimental situation that give away the aims can lead to ______ characteristics.
Features of the experimental situation that give away the aims can lead to ______ characteristics.
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The consequences of doing tasks or tests more than once are known as ______ effects.
The consequences of doing tasks or tests more than once are known as ______ effects.
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A confounding variable can ______ the effect of the independent variable.
A confounding variable can ______ the effect of the independent variable.
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In the study, the researchers controlled for potential ______ variables by ensuring that all participants were physically and psychologically healthy.
In the study, the researchers controlled for potential ______ variables by ensuring that all participants were physically and psychologically healthy.
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The researchers operationalized the ______ of play by measuring the duration and frequency of interaction with different types of toys.
The researchers operationalized the ______ of play by measuring the duration and frequency of interaction with different types of toys.
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To minimize the potential for ______ effects, the positions of the toys were randomized after each trial.
To minimize the potential for ______ effects, the positions of the toys were randomized after each trial.
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The study controlled for potential ______ variables by ensuring that all participants had no prior experience with mindfulness techniques.
The study controlled for potential ______ variables by ensuring that all participants had no prior experience with mindfulness techniques.
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To control for ______ variables related to age and gender, the researchers ensured that the control and MBSR groups had similar demographics.
To control for ______ variables related to age and gender, the researchers ensured that the control and MBSR groups had similar demographics.
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The study operationalized the ______ of mindfulness practice by recording the total hours of formal exercises.
The study operationalized the ______ of mindfulness practice by recording the total hours of formal exercises.
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The researchers used a standardized scale to operationalize the ______ of mindfulness.
The researchers used a standardized scale to operationalize the ______ of mindfulness.
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The study controlled for potential ______ variables by excluding participants with a history of mental health conditions.
The study controlled for potential ______ variables by excluding participants with a history of mental health conditions.
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The process of defining variables so they can be accurately manipulated, measured, and replicated is known as ______.
The process of defining variables so they can be accurately manipulated, measured, and replicated is known as ______.
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A variable that can affect the outcome of an experiment but is not the variable of interest is called a ______ variable.
A variable that can affect the outcome of an experiment but is not the variable of interest is called a ______ variable.
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Changes in the environment that can influence the results of an experiment are called ______ variables.
Changes in the environment that can influence the results of an experiment are called ______ variables.
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A ______ variable affects the dependent variable in all levels of the independent variable.
A ______ variable affects the dependent variable in all levels of the independent variable.
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A researcher aims to keep potential confounding variables constant through the use of ______.
A researcher aims to keep potential confounding variables constant through the use of ______.
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Features of the experimental situation that give away the aims can lead to ______ characteristics.
Features of the experimental situation that give away the aims can lead to ______ characteristics.
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The consequences of doing tasks or tests more than once are known as ______ effects.
The consequences of doing tasks or tests more than once are known as ______ effects.
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A confounding variable can ______ the effect of the independent variable.
A confounding variable can ______ the effect of the independent variable.
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The factor in an experiment that is measured and is expected to change under the influence of the ______ is known as the dependent variable.
The factor in an experiment that is measured and is expected to change under the influence of the ______ is known as the dependent variable.
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The factor that is manipulated by the experimenter and is expected to cause a change in the ______ is called the independent variable.
The factor that is manipulated by the experimenter and is expected to cause a change in the ______ is called the independent variable.
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Extraneous variables are those variables that may influence the ______ but are not the independent variable.
Extraneous variables are those variables that may influence the ______ but are not the independent variable.
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A difference in the ______ that is being compared is essential in experimental design.
A difference in the ______ that is being compared is essential in experimental design.
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The factor under investigation that is manipulated to create two or more conditions and is expected to affect the dependent variable is referred to as the ______.
The factor under investigation that is manipulated to create two or more conditions and is expected to affect the dependent variable is referred to as the ______.
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Choosing ______ strategies helps researchers control for extraneous variables.
Choosing ______ strategies helps researchers control for extraneous variables.
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The process of ensuring that the same conditions are applied to all participants to avoid bias is known as ______.
The process of ensuring that the same conditions are applied to all participants to avoid bias is known as ______.
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Controls help to ensure that ______ variables do not impact the outcome of the experiment.
Controls help to ensure that ______ variables do not impact the outcome of the experiment.
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Inter-rater reliability measures the consistency between different ______.
Inter-rater reliability measures the consistency between different ______.
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Population validity assesses whether the results can be ______ to other members of the population.
Population validity assesses whether the results can be ______ to other members of the population.
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Experimental conditions are situations in an experiment where different levels of the ______ are compared.
Experimental conditions are situations in an experiment where different levels of the ______ are compared.
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The control condition in an experiment is the level of the IV from which the IV is ______.
The control condition in an experiment is the level of the IV from which the IV is ______.
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Mundane realism refers to the extent to which a study's task is not ______.
Mundane realism refers to the extent to which a study's task is not ______.
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Ecological validity indicates that the results of a study can be ______ to real-life settings.
Ecological validity indicates that the results of a study can be ______ to real-life settings.
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A selection of the population from which the results will be ______ is known as a sample.
A selection of the population from which the results will be ______ is known as a sample.
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The experimental design determines how participants are allocated to different levels of the ______.
The experimental design determines how participants are allocated to different levels of the ______.
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Study Notes
Research Methods
- Correlational aims: investigate a link between variable A and variable B
- Experimental aims: investigate whether IV Lv.1 or IV Lv.2 affect DV more
- Hypothesis: a testable predicting statement
- Directional hypothesis: predicts the direction of a relationship between variables
- Non-directional hypothesis: predicts that there will be an effect, but not the direction of that effect
- Clinical uses: incorporated into treatment programs for people with conditions including anxiety, chronic pain, and substance abuse
- Types of research: body scanning, mindful yoga, sitting meditation, brain localization
Study 1: Milgram et al. - Obedience
- Aim: to investigate obedience
- Methods: not specified
- Results: not specified
- Conclusion: not specified
- Evaluation: not specified
- Issues and debates: not specified
- Link to assumption: not specified
Study 2: Perry et al. - Personal Space
- Aim: to investigate personal space
- Methods: not specified
- Results: not specified
- Conclusion: not specified
- Evaluation: not specified
- Issues and debates: not specified
- Link to assumption: not specified
Study 3: Piliavin et al. - Subway Samaritans
- Aim: to investigate helping behavior
- Methods: not specified
- Results: not specified
- Conclusion: not specified
- Evaluation: not specified
- Issues and debates: not specified
- Link to assumption: not specified
Mindfulness
- Definition: an objective test on mindfulness and its impact on vital aspects of life
- Five facets of mindfulness questionnaire:
- Observing: describe
- Describing: acting with awareness
- Acting with awareness: non-judging of inner experience
- Non-judging of inner experience: non-reactivity to inner experience
- Non-reactivity to inner experience: not specified
- Brain structures responsible for mindfulness: hippocampus, insula
- Brain localization: functionally distinct, physically discrete
- Types of scans: MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
- Measuring changes in gray matter concentration (GMC)
Study 4: Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)
- Aim: to investigate the potential long-term effect of a mindfulness-based stress reduction program on brain gray matter concentration (GMC)
- Methods: longitudinal design, independent measure design
- Participants: 16 in MBSR group, 17 in control group
- Procedure:
- MBSR group: 2 weeks before and after participation in MBSR program
- Control group: scan twice, 2 months apart
- Experimental group: attended weekly MBSR sessions
- Control group: had problems with stress but did not receive MBSR program
- Results:
- Amount of mindfulness practice: MBSR group practiced 22.6 hours of MBSR exercises
- Improvements in mindfulness measurement scale score (FFMQ results): MBSR group showed significant increases in FFMQ scores
Study 5: MonkeyBehavior
- Aim: to investigate monkey behavior
- Methods: 7, 25-minute observations were completed in the outdoor area
- Participants: 11 males and 23 females
- Procedure:
- Before each observation, the observers positioned a pair of toys (one wheeled, one plush) in the outdoor area
- After each trial, the toys were removed and the video tape was analyzed by two observers working together to achieve a consensus
- Results:
- Frequency of interaction: males' frequency of interaction for wheeled toys > plush toys
- Duration of interactions: males' duration of interaction with wheeled toys > plush toys
- Analysis of age: no differences were found in frequency and duration of interaction by age for plush and wheeled toy
Variables
- Variables affecting the dependent variable (DV) besides the independent variable (IV) are known as extraneous variables.
- Extraneous variables can influence the relationship between IV and DV, affecting experimental outcomes.
- Types of extraneous variables:
- Participant Variables: Individual differences that can cause variation in results.
- Situational Variables: Environmental factors that can change across different experimental conditions.
- Random Variables: Affect DV at all levels of the IV without a pattern.
- Systematic Variables: Influence DV at only one level of the IV, often referred to as confounding variables.
- Uncontrolled Variables: Those that cannot be managed by researchers, encompassing participant and situational variables.
Operationalisation
- The process of defining variables in a way that allows for accurate manipulation and measurement.
- Essential for the IV and DV in experiments, as well as in correlational studies.
Controls
- Techniques used to keep potential confounding variables constant to ensure valid results.
- Increased controls can mitigate:
- Demand Characteristics: Cues that inform participants about the study’s aims, potentially altering their behavior.
- Order Effects: Changes in performance resulting from repeated testing.
- Counterbalancing can help address order effects by varying the sequence of conditions for participants.
Validity and Reliability
-
Validity: The degree to which a study accurately measures what it intends to.
- Internal Validity: Assurance that the changes in the DV are due to the IV alone.
-
Reliability: The consistency of a measure, ensuring similar results under similar conditions.
- Test-Retest Reliability: Consistency in test results when administered at different times.
Major Experimental Designs
-
Repeated Measures Design: Same participants engage in all conditions of the IV.
- Strengths: Fewer participants needed; controls for participant variables.
- Weaknesses: Increased susceptibility to demand characteristics and order effects.
-
Independent Measures Design: Different participants for each condition of the IV.
- Strengths: No order or carryover effects; minimizes demand characteristics.
- Weaknesses: Higher variability due to individual differences.
-
Matched Pairs Design: Participants are paired based on similarities before being assigned to different conditions.
- Strengths: Reduces participant variability and order effects.
- Weaknesses: Difficulty in finding suitable matches; may result in a smaller sample size.
Ethical Considerations
-
Protection from Harm: Ensuring participants do not experience physical or psychological distress.
-
Right to Withdraw: Participants can leave a study at any point without consequence.
-
Confidentiality: Ensuring participant information is kept anonymous and secure.
-
Privacy: Respecting personal space and thoughts of participants.
-
Animal Research Ethics: Includes:
- Replacement: Opting for non-animal methods when possible.
- Species and Strain: Choosing species that suffer less.
- Number of Animals: Using the smallest number necessary.
- Procedures: Avoiding research causing significant distress.
- Housing: Ensuring suitable environments for animals.
- Rewarding Procedures: Favoring positive incentives over unpleasant punishments.
Types of Variables
- Dependent Variable (DV): The outcome factor that is measured and expected to change due to the IV.
- Independent Variable (IV): The factor that is manipulated in an experiment to observe its effect on the DV.
Generalization and Validity
- Population: The entire group that could be studied.
- Sample: The subset of the population actually studied.
- Population Validity: Degree to which findings can be generalized to the larger population.
- Ecological Validity: The extent to which results can apply to real-world settings.
- Mundane Realism: The degree of normalcy in the tasks or materials used that allows for real-life applicability.
Experimental Conditions
- Experimental Condition: Various situations in an experiment representing different levels of the IV.
- Control Condition: A baseline where the IV is absent, used for comparison against experimental conditions.
Research Process
- Aim: The purpose or objective of the investigation.
-
Hypothesis: A testable prediction.
- Directional Hypothesis: Indicates the expected direction of the relationship.
- Non-Directional Hypothesis: Predicts an effect but does not specify the direction.
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Description
This quiz covers Milgram's obedience study, including the aim, methods, results, and conclusions. It also touches on related topics in psychology such as personal space and evaluation.