29 Questions
What are the three measurements from an arterial blood sample that are used to diagnose simple acid-base disorders?
pH, Plasma HCO3- concentration, and PCO2
What is the preferred treatment to correct metabolic acidosis?
Sodium lactate and sodium gluconate
What is the treatment for metabolic alkalosis associated with extracellular fluid volume depletion but no heart failure?
Isotonic saline solution
What physiological effect does severe acidosis have on neurons?
Decreased excitability, leading to disorientation and coma
What physiological effect does severe alkalosis have on neurons?
Increased excitability, leading to nervousness, muscle spasms, and convulsions
What percentage of the buffering capacity of whole blood is accounted for by the plasma proteins buffer system?
15%
In acidic pH conditions, which group of the plasma proteins acts as a base?
NH2 group
Which buffer system accounts for the highest percentage of the total buffering capacity of whole blood?
Haemoglobin buffer system
What is the primary role of the respiratory mechanism in pH regulation?
To regulate the concentration of carbonic acid in the blood
Which receptors influence the respiratory centres in the medulla for pH regulation?
Both central and peripheral chemoreceptors
In alkaline pH conditions, which group of the plasma proteins acts as an acid?
–COOH group
What are the non-volatile acids mentioned in the text?
Phosphoric acid and Organic acids
Which of the following is considered a negligible contributor as a base in the body?
Urea
What is one of the roles of the chemical acid-base buffer systems in the body?
Forming an immediate line of defense in the extracellular fluid
Which organ system is responsible for regulating the removal of CO2 from extracellular fluid?
Respiratory system
What is one way the kidneys contribute to regulating the body’s acid–base balance?
Excreting acids or alkaline urine
Which system forms the first line of defense against changes in H+ concentration?
Buffer systems of body fluid
In chronic metabolic acidosis, what adaptive mechanism helps in the excretion of excess H+?
Increased synthesis of NH3
What is the primary disturbance in metabolic alkalosis?
Increased plasma HCO3-
Which of the following is NOT a cause of metabolic alkalosis?
Hyperkalemia
What is the respiratory compensation for metabolic alkalosis?
Hypoventilation
What is the primary disturbance in respiratory acidosis?
Increased pCO2
What is the primary disturbance in respiratory alkalosis?
Decreased pCO2
What is the compensatory mechanism for respiratory alkalosis?
Increased reabsorption of HCO3- in the kidneys
How is metabolic acidosis compensated in renal failure?
Through respiratory compensation
What does the 'anion gap' help diagnose?
Metabolic acidosis
In what condition would the anion gap remain normal?
Metabolic acidosis with increased plasma Cl-
What leads to the decrease in serum (HCO3-) in response to decreased pCO2?
Increased renal reabsorption of H+ ions
How do compensatory mechanisms react to minimize pH changes in blood during metabolic acidosis?
By increasing plasma HCO3- concentration
Test your knowledge on non-volatile acids and bases involved in metabolism. Learn about acids like sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, organic acids, and bases like bicarbonate produced by the body. Explore the role of ammonia, urea, and other compounds in maintaining acid-base balance.
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