66 Questions
What is the compensation mechanism for respiratory alkalosis?
Renal excretion of HCO3-
What can help identify the cause of increased anion gap metabolic acidosis?
Anion gap
What is the most common cause of hypoxemia?
Anxiety
What is the compensation mechanism for metabolic acidosis?
Partial compensation returns pH toward normal
What is the cause of metabolic alkalosis?
Increased [HCO3-], with elevated pH
What occurs during normal anion gap metabolic acidosis?
HCO3- loss does not cause increased gap
What can help offset the loss of HCO3- during vomiting?
Gain in Cl-
What is the cause of excessive loss of HCO3- in metabolic acidosis?
Diarrhea
What is the normal range for PaCO2 in arterial blood?
35 to 45 mm Hg
Which condition is characterized by PaCO2 levels below 35 mm Hg?
Respiratory alkalosis
What is the primary cause of respiratory alkalosis?
Alveolar hyperventilation
In respiratory acidosis, what is the compensation by the kidneys?
HCO3- retention
What is the goal of correction in respiratory acidosis?
To improve ventilation
What may be detrimental for a patient with chronic respiratory acidosis and renal compensation?
Lowering PaCO2
What effect does respiratory alkalosis have on arterial PaCO2?
Decreases
What is the primary cause of respiratory alkalosis?
Alveolar hyperventilation
What is the normal range for pH in arterial blood?
7.35 to 7.45
What is the primary cause of respiratory acidosis?
Increased PaCO2
What is the compensation mechanism for metabolic alkalosis?
Renal reabsorption of HCO3-
What occurs during normal anion gap metabolic acidosis?
Normal pH
What is the compensation mechanism for respiratory alkalosis?
Renal reabsorption of HCO3-
What is the goal of correction in respiratory acidosis?
Improved VA to eliminate CO2
What may be detrimental for a patient with chronic respiratory acidosis and renal compensation?
Lowering PaCO2
What effect does respiratory alkalosis have on arterial PaCO2?
Decreases arterial PaCO2
What is the most common cause of hypoxemia?
Respiratory alkalosis
What is the compensation mechanism for respiratory alkalosis?
Renal excretion of HCO3-
What occurs during normal anion gap metabolic acidosis?
Excessive loss of HCO3-
What is the cause of excessive loss of HCO3- in metabolic acidosis?
Diarrhea
What may be detrimental for a patient with chronic respiratory acidosis and renal compensation?
Hyperventilation
What is the cause of metabolic alkalosis?
Loss of fixed acids
What is the primary cause of respiratory alkalosis?
Hypoxemia
What can help offset the loss of HCO3- during vomiting?
Renal excretion of HCO3-
In the context of acid-base disorders, what does AG less than 9 meq/l indicate?
Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis (NAGMA)
What is the primary acid-base disorder indicated by AG less than 9 meq/l?
Metabolic Acidosis
What acid-base imbalance is associated with AG less than 9 meq/l?
Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
In the context of acid-base disorders, when is the anion gap (AG) considered greater than 14 meq/l?
When it signifies metabolic acidosis
What does an anion gap (AG) less than 9 meq/l indicate in the context of acid-base disorders?
Metabolic alkalosis
What is the significance of an anion gap (AG) greater than 14 meq/l in acid-base disorders?
Indicates the presence of metabolic acidosis
What is the goal of RAAS?
To increase blood pressure with angiotensin II
What is the primary function of angiotensin II in RAAS?
To increase blood pressure by stimulating vasoconstriction
What is the role of aldosterone in the RAAS?
To increase blood pressure by reducing fluid retention
What is the primary effect of angiotensin II on blood vessels?
Constriction of blood vessels
How does angiotensin II affect the kidneys' ability to excrete water?
Limits the ability to excrete water
What is the impact of angiotensin II on fluid volume and blood pressure?
Increases fluid volume and blood pressure
What is the primary effect of Angiotensin II on the kidneys?
Leads to decreased urine production and retention of sodium and water in the blood
What is the role of Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) in response to Angiotensin II?
Promotes kidney to retain water and increase stroke volume
What is the impact of Angiotensin II on aldosterone release and urine production?
What is the role of angiotensin II in the release of aldosterone?
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone, promoting sodium and water retention
What is the impact of Angiotensin II on the kidneys' handling of sodium and water?
Causes the kidneys to retain sodium and water
What is the effect of Angiotensin II on Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) in the kidneys?
Stimulates the kidney to keep water by increasing ADH release
Normal hypoxemia on room air
80-100 mmhg
In the context of oxygen therapy, when is FiO2 adjusted based on PaO2 levels?
If PaO2 is 80-100 mm Hg
When is FiO2 adjusted if PaO2 levels are not within the normal range?
If PaO2 is below 80 mm Hg
What does FiO2 Corrected refer to in the context of oxygen therapy?
FiO2 adjusted based on PaO2 levels
Which of the following is a potential cause of impaired gas exchange in respiratory acidosis?
Asthma exacerbation (Pulmonary edema)
Which of the following conditions can contribute to the development of respiratory acidosis?
Myasthenia gravis
Which of the following medications is most likely to cause respiratory acidosis in a patient?
Opioids
Which of the following can cause respiratory alkalosis?
Anxiety
What is a potential cause of hyperventilation leading to respiratory alkalosis?
Pulmonary embolism
Which of the following conditions can contribute to the development of respiratory alkalosis?
Fever
What can cause acid production leading to metabolic acidosis?
Excessive diarrhea
Which condition can contribute to the development of metabolic acidosis?
Sepsis
What can be a consequence of malnutrition in relation to acid-base balance?
Metabolic acidosis
Which of the following is a potential cause of metabolic alkalosis?
Excessive GI suctioning
What can contribute to the development of metabolic alkalosis?
Hypoaldosteronism
What is a potential cause of excessive loss of acid leading to metabolic alkalosis?
Excessive vomiting
Study Notes
Acid-Base Disorders
- Compensation mechanism for respiratory alkalosis: increased bicarbonate reabsorption by the kidneys
- Identifying the cause of increased anion gap metabolic acidosis: determining the underlying disorder or condition
- Most common cause of hypoxemia: respiratory disease or dysfunction
Metabolic Acidosis
- Compensation mechanism: respiratory system increases ventilation to expel CO2, lowering PaCO2
- Cause of metabolic alkalosis: excessive loss of H+ or Cl- ions, or gain of HCO3- ions
- Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis: occurs due to increased production or decreased excretion of organic acids
Respiratory Acidosis
- Compensation mechanism: kidneys reabsorb more bicarbonate, increasing blood pH
- Primary cause: respiratory dysfunction or disease, leading to increased PaCO2
- Goal of correction: returning PaCO2 to normal range
- Detrimental for patients with chronic respiratory acidosis and renal compensation: overly aggressive correction
Anion Gap
- Normal range: 9-14 meq/l
- AG less than 9 meq/l: indicates non-anion gap metabolic acidosis
- AG greater than 14 meq/l: indicates anion gap metabolic acidosis
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
- Goal of RAAS: regulating blood pressure and fluid volume
- Primary function of angiotensin II: vasoconstriction and stimulation of aldosterone release
- Role of aldosterone: regulating sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys
- Primary effect of angiotensin II on blood vessels: vasoconstriction
- Impact of angiotensin II on fluid volume and blood pressure: increased blood pressure and fluid volume
- Primary effect of angiotensin II on the kidneys: increased sodium and water reabsorption
- Role of Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) in response to angiotensin II: increased water reabsorption
Oxygen Therapy
- Normal hypoxemia on room air: PaO2 < 60 mmHg
- FiO2 adjusted based on PaO2 levels: to maintain a safe and effective oxygen therapy
- FiO2 Corrected: refers to the correction of oxygen therapy based on PaO2 levels
Respiratory and Metabolic Acidosis
- Potential cause of impaired gas exchange in respiratory acidosis: respiratory disease or dysfunction
- Conditions that can contribute to the development of respiratory acidosis: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, and sedatives
- Medications that can cause respiratory acidosis: sedatives, anesthetics, and opioids
- Conditions that can cause respiratory alkalosis: hyperventilation, anxiety, and fever
- Potential cause of hyperventilation leading to respiratory alkalosis: anxiety, fever, or pain
- Conditions that can contribute to the development of metabolic acidosis: diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, and renal failure
- Causes of acid production leading to metabolic acidosis: diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, and starvation
- Consequences of malnutrition in relation to acid-base balance: metabolic acidosis
Test your knowledge of acid-base balance in the body with this quiz. Explore the role of the kidneys and lungs in controlling pH levels, and learn about normal ranges and compensation mechanisms. Brush up on terms like alkalemia, acidemia, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation, and understand conditions like respiratory acidosis and metabolic alkalosis.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
