Acid-Base Balance Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the compensation mechanism for respiratory alkalosis?

  • Increased fixed acid accumulation
  • Increased buffer base
  • Renal excretion of HCO3- (correct)
  • Excessive loss of HCO3-

    • What can help identify the cause of increased anion gap metabolic acidosis?

  • Increased buffer base
  • Excessive loss of HCO3-
  • Normal anion gap
  • Anion gap (correct)

    • What is the most common cause of hypoxemia?

  • Fever
  • Anxiety (correct)
  • Pain
  • Clinical signs

    • What is the compensation mechanism for metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Partial compensation returns pH toward normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Increased [HCO3-], with elevated pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during normal anion gap metabolic acidosis?

    <p>HCO3- loss does not cause increased gap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can help offset the loss of HCO3- during vomiting?

    <p>Gain in Cl-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of excessive loss of HCO3- in metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for PaCO2 in arterial blood?

    <p>35 to 45 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by PaCO2 levels below 35 mm Hg?

    <p>Respiratory alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>Alveolar hyperventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In respiratory acidosis, what is the compensation by the kidneys?

    <p>HCO3- retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of correction in respiratory acidosis?

    <p>To improve ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be detrimental for a patient with chronic respiratory acidosis and renal compensation?

    <p>Lowering PaCO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does respiratory alkalosis have on arterial PaCO2?

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>Alveolar hyperventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for pH in arterial blood?

    <p>7.35 to 7.45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Increased PaCO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the compensation mechanism for metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Renal reabsorption of HCO3-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during normal anion gap metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Normal pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the compensation mechanism for respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>Renal reabsorption of HCO3-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of correction in respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Improved VA to eliminate CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be detrimental for a patient with chronic respiratory acidosis and renal compensation?

    <p>Lowering PaCO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does respiratory alkalosis have on arterial PaCO2?

    <p>Decreases arterial PaCO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of hypoxemia?

    <p>Respiratory alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the compensation mechanism for respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>Renal excretion of HCO3-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during normal anion gap metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Excessive loss of HCO3-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of excessive loss of HCO3- in metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be detrimental for a patient with chronic respiratory acidosis and renal compensation?

    <p>Hyperventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Loss of fixed acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>Hypoxemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can help offset the loss of HCO3- during vomiting?

    <p>Renal excretion of HCO3-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of acid-base disorders, what does AG less than 9 meq/l indicate?

    <p>Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis (NAGMA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary acid-base disorder indicated by AG less than 9 meq/l?

    <p>Metabolic Acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What acid-base imbalance is associated with AG less than 9 meq/l?

    <p>Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of acid-base disorders, when is the anion gap (AG) considered greater than 14 meq/l?

    <p>When it signifies metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an anion gap (AG) less than 9 meq/l indicate in the context of acid-base disorders?

    <p>Metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of an anion gap (AG) greater than 14 meq/l in acid-base disorders?

    <p>Indicates the presence of metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of RAAS?

    <p>To increase blood pressure with angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of angiotensin II in RAAS?

    <p>To increase blood pressure by stimulating vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of aldosterone in the RAAS?

    <p>To increase blood pressure by reducing fluid retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of angiotensin II on blood vessels?

    <p>Constriction of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does angiotensin II affect the kidneys' ability to excrete water?

    <p>Limits the ability to excrete water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of angiotensin II on fluid volume and blood pressure?

    <p>Increases fluid volume and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of Angiotensin II on the kidneys?

    <p>Leads to decreased urine production and retention of sodium and water in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) in response to Angiotensin II?

    <p>Promotes kidney to retain water and increase stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of Angiotensin II on aldosterone release and urine production?

    Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of angiotensin II in the release of aldosterone?

    <p>Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone, promoting sodium and water retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of Angiotensin II on the kidneys' handling of sodium and water?

    <p>Causes the kidneys to retain sodium and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Angiotensin II on Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) in the kidneys?

    <p>Stimulates the kidney to keep water by increasing ADH release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Normal hypoxemia on room air

    <p>80-100 mmhg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of oxygen therapy, when is FiO2 adjusted based on PaO2 levels?

    <p>If PaO2 is 80-100 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is FiO2 adjusted if PaO2 levels are not within the normal range?

    <p>If PaO2 is below 80 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does FiO2 Corrected refer to in the context of oxygen therapy?

    <p>FiO2 adjusted based on PaO2 levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of impaired gas exchange in respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Asthma exacerbation (Pulmonary edema)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can contribute to the development of respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Myasthenia gravis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is most likely to cause respiratory acidosis in a patient?

    <p>Opioids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can cause respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>Anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential cause of hyperventilation leading to respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>Pulmonary embolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can contribute to the development of respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause acid production leading to metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Excessive diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can contribute to the development of metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a consequence of malnutrition in relation to acid-base balance?

    <p>Metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Excessive GI suctioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can contribute to the development of metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Hypoaldosteronism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential cause of excessive loss of acid leading to metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Excessive vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Acid-Base Disorders

    • Compensation mechanism for respiratory alkalosis: increased bicarbonate reabsorption by the kidneys
    • Identifying the cause of increased anion gap metabolic acidosis: determining the underlying disorder or condition
    • Most common cause of hypoxemia: respiratory disease or dysfunction

    Metabolic Acidosis

    • Compensation mechanism: respiratory system increases ventilation to expel CO2, lowering PaCO2
    • Cause of metabolic alkalosis: excessive loss of H+ or Cl- ions, or gain of HCO3- ions
    • Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis: occurs due to increased production or decreased excretion of organic acids

    Respiratory Acidosis

    • Compensation mechanism: kidneys reabsorb more bicarbonate, increasing blood pH
    • Primary cause: respiratory dysfunction or disease, leading to increased PaCO2
    • Goal of correction: returning PaCO2 to normal range
    • Detrimental for patients with chronic respiratory acidosis and renal compensation: overly aggressive correction

    Anion Gap

    • Normal range: 9-14 meq/l
    • AG less than 9 meq/l: indicates non-anion gap metabolic acidosis
    • AG greater than 14 meq/l: indicates anion gap metabolic acidosis

    Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

    • Goal of RAAS: regulating blood pressure and fluid volume
    • Primary function of angiotensin II: vasoconstriction and stimulation of aldosterone release
    • Role of aldosterone: regulating sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys
    • Primary effect of angiotensin II on blood vessels: vasoconstriction
    • Impact of angiotensin II on fluid volume and blood pressure: increased blood pressure and fluid volume
    • Primary effect of angiotensin II on the kidneys: increased sodium and water reabsorption
    • Role of Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) in response to angiotensin II: increased water reabsorption

    Oxygen Therapy

    • Normal hypoxemia on room air: PaO2 < 60 mmHg
    • FiO2 adjusted based on PaO2 levels: to maintain a safe and effective oxygen therapy
    • FiO2 Corrected: refers to the correction of oxygen therapy based on PaO2 levels

    Respiratory and Metabolic Acidosis

    • Potential cause of impaired gas exchange in respiratory acidosis: respiratory disease or dysfunction
    • Conditions that can contribute to the development of respiratory acidosis: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, and sedatives
    • Medications that can cause respiratory acidosis: sedatives, anesthetics, and opioids
    • Conditions that can cause respiratory alkalosis: hyperventilation, anxiety, and fever
    • Potential cause of hyperventilation leading to respiratory alkalosis: anxiety, fever, or pain
    • Conditions that can contribute to the development of metabolic acidosis: diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, and renal failure
    • Causes of acid production leading to metabolic acidosis: diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, and starvation
    • Consequences of malnutrition in relation to acid-base balance: metabolic acidosis

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of acid-base balance in the body with this quiz. Explore the role of the kidneys and lungs in controlling pH levels, and learn about normal ranges and compensation mechanisms. Brush up on terms like alkalemia, acidemia, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation, and understand conditions like respiratory acidosis and metabolic alkalosis.

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