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Questions and Answers
Which pathway begins with Factor 12?
Which pathway begins with Factor 12?
What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the GIT wall?
What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the GIT wall?
Which solution should be used for a patient with cerebral edema?
Which solution should be used for a patient with cerebral edema?
What type of cells are primarily responsible for the rejection of transplanted organs?
What type of cells are primarily responsible for the rejection of transplanted organs?
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What is the formula for calculating cardiac cycle duration?
What is the formula for calculating cardiac cycle duration?
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Which of the following is a primary baroreceptor?
Which of the following is a primary baroreceptor?
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At what arterial blood pressure do chemoreceptors begin to stimulate activity?
At what arterial blood pressure do chemoreceptors begin to stimulate activity?
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What is the major cation found within intracellular fluid (ICF)?
What is the major cation found within intracellular fluid (ICF)?
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What type of conduction occurs in myelinated nerve fibers?
What type of conduction occurs in myelinated nerve fibers?
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The primary factor that increases the rate and depth of ventilation is which of the following?
The primary factor that increases the rate and depth of ventilation is which of the following?
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Which term describes hypoxia that occurs despite adequate oxygen supply due to the inability to utilize oxygen?
Which term describes hypoxia that occurs despite adequate oxygen supply due to the inability to utilize oxygen?
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What is the maximum arterial pressure recorded when blood is ejected from the heart called?
What is the maximum arterial pressure recorded when blood is ejected from the heart called?
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Which processes specifically refer to the movement of water from diluted to concentrated solutions?
Which processes specifically refer to the movement of water from diluted to concentrated solutions?
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During very cold weather, how does the body primarily conserve heat?
During very cold weather, how does the body primarily conserve heat?
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What is the pressure inside the alveoli during normal breathing referred to as?
What is the pressure inside the alveoli during normal breathing referred to as?
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What is the normal value of P${O_2}$ in venous blood under resting conditions?
What is the normal value of P${O_2}$ in venous blood under resting conditions?
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What is the duration of the cardiac cycle at a heart rate of 120 beats per minute?
What is the duration of the cardiac cycle at a heart rate of 120 beats per minute?
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Which statement is true regarding blood pressure management in a patient with 160/100 mmHg?
Which statement is true regarding blood pressure management in a patient with 160/100 mmHg?
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At what blood pressure do chemoreceptors become active?
At what blood pressure do chemoreceptors become active?
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Where are baroreceptors primarily located?
Where are baroreceptors primarily located?
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Which vessel type has the highest resistance in circulation?
Which vessel type has the highest resistance in circulation?
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Which of the following has the fastest conduction velocity in the heart?
Which of the following has the fastest conduction velocity in the heart?
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If the SA node is damaged, which structure serves as the second pacemaker?
If the SA node is damaged, which structure serves as the second pacemaker?
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What can digitalis cause in relation to potassium levels in extracellular fluids?
What can digitalis cause in relation to potassium levels in extracellular fluids?
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What primarily causes the depolarization phase of an action potential in a nerve fiber?
What primarily causes the depolarization phase of an action potential in a nerve fiber?
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Inhibiting the K-H pump primarily affects which transport process?
Inhibiting the K-H pump primarily affects which transport process?
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Which type of nerve fibers shows the greatest sensitivity to hypoxia?
Which type of nerve fibers shows the greatest sensitivity to hypoxia?
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Which factor is known to increase nerve excitability?
Which factor is known to increase nerve excitability?
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What is a characteristic of active transport?
What is a characteristic of active transport?
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What happens to potassium levels following insulin administration?
What happens to potassium levels following insulin administration?
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Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system results in which of the following outcomes?
Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system results in which of the following outcomes?
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Which of the following is considered a nicotinic action?
Which of the following is considered a nicotinic action?
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Study Notes
Depolarization and Action Potentials
- The depolarization phase of a nerve fiber action potential is primarily due to sodium influx via voltage-gated sodium channels.
Transport Inhibition
- Inhibition of the K-H pump (potassium-hydrogen pump) results in the inhibition of primary active transport.
Nerve Fiber Sensitivity
- Type B nerve fibers are most sensitive to hypoxia.
Nerve Excitability
- Factors increasing nerve excitability include catelectrotonus.
Active Transport Characteristics
- Active transport requires energy (e.g., ATP) and uses a carrier protein.
Insulin Administration Effects
- Insulin administration leads to lower intracellular bicarbonate (HCO3−) levels.
Sympathetic Nervous System Stimulation
- Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system results in bronchodilation (widening of the airways).
Nicotinic Action
- Nicotinic action is related to autonomic ganglia.
Isotonic Solution
- A 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution is isotonic.
Parasympathetic Nerve Origin
- Parasympathetic nerves originate from the sacral spinal cord.
Erythropoietin Production Site
- Erythropoietin is primarily produced in the kidneys.
Resting Membrane Potential
- Potassium (K+) ions are primarily responsible for the resting membrane potential.
Depolarization Mechanism
- Depolarization occurs when there's an influx of sodium (Na+) ions through voltage-gated channels.
Cardiac Cycle Duration
- The duration of a cardiac cycle at 120 beats per minute is 0.5 seconds.
Blood Pressure and Autonomic Stimulation
- A blood pressure of 160/100 requires decreased sympathetic and increased parasympathetic stimulation.
Chemoreceptor Activation Thresholds
- Chemoreceptors become active below a blood pressure of 80 mmHg.
Baroreceptor Location
- Baroreceptors are located in carotid sinuses and aortic arch.
Resistance in Circulation
- Resistance in circulation is highest in arterioles.
Conduction Velocity in the Heart
- The fastest conduction velocity in the heart is in Purkinje fibers.
Pacemaker Backup
- If the SA node fails, the AV node functions as the backup pacemaker.
Plasma Osmolality Range
- Normal plasma osmolality ranges from 290 to 300 mOsm/kg.
Facilitated Diffusion Characteristics
- Facilitated diffusion requires a protein carrier.
Atropine Effect on Intestinal Wall
- Atropine causes relaxation in the intestinal wall.
Digitalis Effect on Potassium
- Digitalis increases extracellular potassium levels.
Slowest Nerve Fiber Type
- Type C nerve fibers are the slowest.
Nerve Block Mechanism
- Anelectrotonus is a factor that causes nerve block.
Glucose Absorption and Transport
- Transport processes affecting glucose absorption include secondary active transport.
Pathway Initiated by Factor 12
- The intrinsic pathway is initiated by Factor 12.
Sympathetic Stimulation on GIT
- Sympathetic stimulation on the GIT causes relaxation of the gut wall and contraction of sphincters.
Cerebral Edema Solution
- Hypertonic 3% solution is used for cerebral edema.
Organ Transplant Rejection
- T-lymphocytes are a major cause of organ transplant rejection.
Cardiac Cycle Calculation
- Cardiac cycle is calculated as 60 divided by heart rate.
Cardiac Output Calculation
- Cardiac Output equals Stroke Volume multiplied by Heart Rate.
Baroreceptor Identification
- The aortic arch is a baroreceptor.
Chemoreceptor Stimulation Trigger
- Chemoreceptor stimulation occurs when arterial blood pressure falls below 80 mmHg.
Cation in Intracellular Fluid
- K+ (potassium) is a major cation in intracellular fluid (ICF).
Glucose Transport Mechanism
- Glucose transport across a cell membrane is primarily facilitated diffusion.
Sympathetic Nervous System Characteristics
- The sympathetic nervous system has craniosacral origin (not true) and uses norepinephrine as its primary neurotransmitter.
Parasympathetic Nervous System Characteristics
- The parasympathetic nervous system has craniosacral origin and short preganglionic fibers and uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter.
Peripheral Resistance Determination
- Total peripheral resistance depends primarily on arteriolar radius.
Saltatory Conduction
- Saltatory conduction occurs in myelinated nerve fibers.
Increased Ventilation Triggers
- Increased ventilation is triggered by increased carbon dioxide (CO2) levels and decreased hydrogen (H+) ion concentration.
Hypoxia Type
- When cells are unable to utilize oxygen, it's called histotoxic hypoxia.
Maximum Arterial Pressure
- Maximum arterial pressure is referred to as systolic pressure.
Water Movement
- The movement of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution is called osmosis.
Heat Conservation Mechanism
- Vasoconstriction of skin vessels is a mechanism for heat conservation in cold weather.
Inspiration and Alveolar Pressure
- During inspiration, intra-alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure, so air moves into the lungs.
Venous Blood Oxygen Level
- Normal PO2 (partial pressure of oxygen) in venous blood is 40 mmHg.
Neurotransmitter at Neuromuscular Junction
- The neurotransmitter at the skeletal muscle neuromuscular junction is acetylcholine.
End Systolic Volume
- The volume of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction is the end systolic volume.
Extracellular Fluid Components
- Extracellular fluid is composed of interstitial fluid and plasma.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts in neurophysiology, focusing on action potentials, depolarization, and transport mechanisms in nerve fibers. Questions will explore factors affecting nerve excitability, the impacts of insulin, and the role of the sympathetic nervous system. Test your understanding of these pivotal topics in neuroscience.
