Physiology Past Paper PDF

1. The depolarization phase of the action potential in nerve fiber is primarily due to: a. Sodium influx via ligand gated channels b. Sodium influx via passive sodium channels c. Sodium influx via voltage-gated sodium channels d. Sodium influx via sodium-potassium pump Answer: c. Sodium influx via v...

1. The depolarization phase of the action potential in nerve fiber is primarily due to: a. Sodium influx via ligand gated channels b. Sodium influx via passive sodium channels c. Sodium influx via voltage-gated sodium channels d. Sodium influx via sodium-potassium pump Answer: c. Sodium influx via voltage-gated sodium channels 2. A new drug is developed to inhibit K-H pump. Which of the following transport processes is being inhibited? a. Simple diffusion b. Facilitated diffusion c. Primary active transport d. Secondary active transport Answer: c. Primary active transport 3. Which of the following types of nerve fibers is most sensitive to hypoxia? a. A-alpha b. A-DELTA c. B d. C Answer: c. B 4. Which of the following factors increases nerve excitability? a. Acidosis b. Cooling c. Local anesthesia d. Catelectrotonus Answer: d. Catelectrotonus 5. Which of the following is a characteristic of active transport? a. Downhill b. Not need carrier c. Need energy d. Rate limited Answer: d. Rate limited 6. Insulin administration leads to: a. Low extracellular K b. High intracellular Na c. Low intracellular HCO3 d. High extracellular protein Answer: a. Low extracellular K 7. Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system causes: a. A decrease in blood glucose level b. An increase in bronchial mucus secretion c. Bronchodilatation d. Stimulation of exocrine pancreatic secretion Answer: c. Bronchodilatation 8. Which of the following is considered nicotinic action? a. Autonomic ganglia b. Sympathetic postganglionic to sweat glands c. Sympathetic postganglionic to the heart d. Parasympathetic postganglionic to rectum Answer: a. Autonomic ganglia _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. An isotonic solution for a patient is: a. 0.45% NaCl b. 0.9% NaCl c. 5% glucose d. Pure water Answer: b. 0.9% NaCl 2. Parasympathetic nerves originate from: a. Cervical spinal cord b. Thoracic spinal cord c. Lumbar spinal cord d. Sacral spinal cord Answer: d. Sacral spinal cord 3. In adults, erythropoietin is mainly formed in the: a. Liver b. Kidney c. Spleen d. Bone marrow Answer: b. Kidney 4. At rest, the primary ion responsible for the resting membrane potential is: a. Na+ b. K+ c. Cl- d. Ca2+ Answer: b. K+ 5. Depolarization occurs when: a. Na+ influx via ligand-gated channels b. Na+ influx via passive channels c. Na+ influx via voltage-gated channels d. K+ efflux Answer: c. Na+ influx via voltage-gated channels 6. The duration of the cardiac cycle if heart rate is 120 beats per minute is: a. 0.4 seconds b. 0.5 seconds c. 0.6 seconds d. 0.8 seconds Answer: b. 0.5 seconds 7. A patient with a blood pressure of 160/100 would require: a. Increased sympathetic stimulation b. Increased parasympathetic stimulation c. Decreased sympathetic and increased parasympathetic stimulation d. No change in autonomic activity Answer: c. Decreased sympathetic and increased parasympathetic stimulation 8. Chemoreceptors become active below a blood pressure of: a. 100 mmHg b. 80 mmHg c. 60 mmHg d. 40 mmHg Answer: b. 80 mmHg 9. Baroreceptors are located in the: a. Carotid sinuses b. Aortic arch c. Left atrium d. Pulmonary veins Answer: a. Carotid sinuses 10. Resistance in circulation is highest in: a. Arteries b. Veins c. Arterioles d. Capillaries Answer: c. Arterioles 11. The fastest conduction velocity in the heart occurs in: a. SA node b. AV node c. Purkinje fibers d. Bundle of His Answer: c. Purkinje fibers 12. If the SA node is damaged, the second pacemaker is: a. AV node b. Purkinje fibers c. Bundle of His d. Right atrium Answer: a. AV node _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. The normal plasma osmolality range is: a. 260-270 b. 290-300 c. 320-340 d. 200-220 Answer: b. 290-300 2. Which of the following is a characteristic of facilitated diffusion? a. No carrier needed b. Needs protein carrier c. Active transport d. Does not require energy Answer: b. Needs protein carrier 3. What does atropine cause in the intestinal wall? a. Contraction b. Relaxation c. Secretion d. Absorption Answer: b. Relaxation 4. Digitalis : a. Increasing K+ in extracellular fluids b. Decreasing K+ in extracellular fluids c. Increasing Na+ in extracellular fluids d. No effect on potassium Answer: a. Increasing K+ in extracellular fluids 5. Which type of nerve fiber is the slowest? a. A-alpha b. A-delta c. C d. B Answer: c. C 6. Which factor causes nerve block? a. Catelectrotonus b. Anelectrotonus c. Hyperpolarization d. Depolarization Answer: b. Anelectrotonus 7. Which transport process is affected by a drug influencing glucose absorption? a. Primary active transport b. Secondary active transport c. Simple diffusion d. Facilitated diffusion Answer: b. Secondary active transport 8. What causes repolarization? a. K+ efflux via voltage-gated channels b. Na+ influx via voltage-gated channels c. Na+ efflux via passive channels d. K+ influx via voltage-gated channels Answer: a. K+ efflux via voltage-gated channels _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Which pathway starts with Factor 12? a. Extrinsic b. Intrinsic c. Both extrinsic and intrinsic d. None of the above Answer: b. Intrinsic 2. Effect of sympathetic stimulation on the GIT wall? a. Contraction of the wall and relaxation of the sphincter b. Relaxation of the wall and contraction of the sphincter c. Relaxation of the wall and relaxation of the sphincter d. Contraction of the wall and contraction of the sphincter Answer: b. Relaxation of the wall and contraction of the sphincter 3. A patient has cerebral edema. What solution should be used? a. Hypotonic 0.3% b. Isotonic 0.9% c. Hypertonic 3% d. Hypertonic 5% Answer: c. Hypertonic 3% 4. A patient has undergone an organ transplant, which of the following causes rejection? a. B-lymphocytes b. Basophils c. T-lymphocytes d. Neutrophils Answer: c. T-lymphocytes 5. Calculate the cardiac cycle: Use the equation: 60 / heart rate Answer: Cardiac cycle = 60 / heart rate (will vary based on the given heart rate) 6. Calculate the cardiac output: Answer: Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate (depends on the provided values) 7. Which of the following is a baroreceptor? a. Aortic body b. Aortic arch c. Carotid body d. Pulmonary veins Answer: b. Aortic arch 8. Chemoreceptor stimulation occurs when arterial blood pressure falls to? a. Less than 80 mmHg b. Less than 60 mmHg c. Less than 100 mmHg d. Less than 50 mmHg Answer: a. Less than 80 mmHg _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Major cation in ICF is: a. Na+ b. K+ c. Mg d. HCO3 Answer: b. K+ 2. Transport of glucose across the cell membrane takes place by: a. Simple diffusion b. Facilitated diffusion c. Active transport d. Endocytosis Answer: b. Facilitated diffusion 3. The sympathetic nervous system has: a. Craniosacral origin b. Long preganglionic fibre c. Noradrenaline as its main neurotransmitter d. Increased activity during rest and sleep Answer: c. Noradrenaline as its main neurotransmitter 4. The parasympathetic nervous system has: a. Craniosacral origin b. Short preganglionic fibre c. Noradrenaline is the main neurotransmitter d. Increased activity during fear Answer: a. Craniosacral origin 5. Total peripheral resistance depends mainly on the: a. Arteriolar radius b. Arterial elasticity c. Venous return d. Blood viscosity Answer: a. Arteriolar radius 6. Saltatory conduction is the conduction of an action potential in: a. Un-myelinated nerve fibers b. Myelinated nerve fibers c. All nerve fibers d. Postganglionic autonomic nerve fibers Answer: b. Myelinated nerve fibers 7. Rate and depth of ventilation is increased by increasing: a. PO2 (oxygen) b. PCO2 (carbon dioxide) c. pH (decreased H+ ion concentration) d. PN (nitrogen) Answer: b. PCO2 (carbon dioxide) 8. When the cells are unable to use oxygen, this type of hypoxia is called: a. Anemic hypoxia b. Hypoxic hypoxia c. Histotoxic hypoxia d. Ischemic hypoxia Answer: c. Histotoxic hypoxia 9. The maximum pressure exerted in the arteries when blood is ejected from the heart is called: a. Pulse pressure b. Diastolic pressure c. Systolic pressure d. Mean arterial pressure Answer: c. Systolic pressure 10. Water movement from diluted to concentrated fluid is called: a. Simple diffusion b. Osmosis c. Facilitated diffusion d. Bulk transport Answer: b. Osmosis 11. Mechanism by which the body can conserve heat in very cold weather is: a. Vasoconstriction of skin vessels b. Sweating c. Thirst d. Stretching the body Answer: a. Vasoconstriction of skin vessels 12. During inspiration, intra-alveolar pressure becomes less than the atmospheric pressure because of: a. Movement of air into lungs b. Decrease in intra-thoracic volume c. Contraction of diaphragm d. Relaxation of intercostals Answer: a. Movement of air into lungs 13. The composition of ECF? a. Plasma and ISF b. Plasma, ISF, and lymph c. Interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid d. Plasma, interstitial fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid Answer: a. Plasma and ISF 14. Alveolar pressure is: a. Atmospheric pressure b. Intrapulmonary c. Pleural pressure d. Intrapleural pressure Answer: b. Intrapulmonary 15. The normal value of Po2 in venous blood is: a. 100 mmHg b. 40 mmHg c. 46 mmHg d. 60 mmHg Answer: b. 40 mmHg 16. The neurotransmitter in a skeletal muscle neuromuscular junction is: a. Adrenaline b. Acetylcholine c. Noradrenaline d. Gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) Answer: b. Acetylcholine 17. The volume of blood that remains in each ventricle after heart contraction is called: a. End systolic volume b. Stroke volume c. End diastolic volume d. Ejection fraction Answer: a. End systolic volume 18. Extracellular Fluid (ECF) consists of: a. Intracellular Fluid (ICF) and interstitial fluid b. Interstitial fluid and Plasma fluid c. Total body water and Intracellular Fluid (ICF) Answer: b. Interstitial fluid and Plasma fluid 19. Increase in depth and rate of ventilation will increase in: a. Oxygen ions (O2) b. Carbon dioxide ions (CO2) c. Hydrogen ions (H+) d. *** Answer: b. Carbon dioxide ions (CO2) 20. Cardiac output is determined by: a. Stroke volume and peripheral resistance b. Heart rate and peripheral resistance c. Blood pressure and peripheral resistance d. Stroke volume and heart rate Answer: d. Stroke volume and heart rate 21. Cardiac output increases with: a. Decrease in venous return b. Decrease in heart rate c. Sympathetic stimulation d. Parasympathetic stimulation Answer: c. Sympathetic stimulation 22. If the tidal volume is 600 ml & respiratory rate is 14, what’s the pulmonary ventilation? a. 8.4 L / min b. 10.2 L / min c. 12.0 L / min d. 7.5 L / min Answer: a. 8.4 L / min 23. Expiration in normal resting conditions is achieved by: a. Passive recoil of lung b. Contraction of respiratory muscles c. Both a & b Answer: a. Passive recoil of lung 24. A decrease in the pressure of oxygen will stimulate: a. Peripheral chemoreceptors b. Central chemoreceptors c. Baroreceptors d. Aortic chemoreceptors Answer: a. Peripheral chemoreceptors