Microbiology 2nd Year: Acid-Fast Bacilli Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the most common opportunistic microorganism in patients with SIDA/AIDS?

  • Mycobacterium bovis
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • Mycobacterium leprae
  • Mycobacterium avium (correct)
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an obligate aerobe.

    True

    Mycobacterium leprae is easily cultivated in the lab.

    False

    Leprosy is a curable disease.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leprosy is primarily transmitted through airborne droplets.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The incubation period for leprosy can be as long as 20 years.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the distinct skin lesions that are characteristic of leprosy?

    <p>Maculae, papules, and nodules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential complication of leprosy?

    <p>Hearing loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the test used to determine the prognosis of leprosy?

    <p>Lepromin test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leprosy is considered progressive and malignant?

    <p>Lepromatous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lepromin test is typically positive in individuals with lepromatous leprosy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients with lepromatous leprosy often experience extensive tissue destruction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lepromin test involves injecting a purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium leprae under the skin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tuberculoid leprosy is considered benign and non-progressive.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients with tuberculoid leprosy usually have a positive lepromin test.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tuberculoid leprosy is characterized by a high bacterial burden.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of tuberculoid leprosy?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leprosy is a major cause of blindness in tropical areas.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The treatment for leprosy involves a combination of antibiotics, such as rifampicin, dapsone, and clofazimine.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lepra bacillus is known to produce a potent toxin.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The diagnosis of leprosy often relies heavily on serological testing.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The widespread use of the BCG vaccine has significantly reduced the incidence of leprosy in many parts of the world.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mycobacterium tuberculosis is responsible for causing leprosy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the characteristic lesion found in tuberculosis?

    <p>Tubercle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of tuberculosis?

    <p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tuberculosis is a contagious disease.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The BCG vaccine provides complete protection against tuberculosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tuberculosis is a major public health concern worldwide.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tuberculin skin test (Mantoux test) is a reliable way to diagnose active tuberculosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tuberculosis can be effectively treated with antibiotics, such as isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tuberculosis is more common in people with compromised immune systems.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tuberculosis can affect organs other than the lungs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Miliary tuberculosis is a highly infectious form of the disease.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The incidence of tuberculosis is declining in many regions of the world.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tuberculosis is a leading cause of death from infectious diseases worldwide.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that all individuals be vaccinated with BCG.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tuberculosis is a preventable disease.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the past few decades, there has been a significant resurgence of tuberculosis cases worldwide.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tuberculosis is a disease that primarily affects children.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Cuál es el agente etiológico de la lepra?

    <p>Mycobacterium leprae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Qué tipo de bacilos son las micobacterias en general?

    <p>Bacilos aerobios no formadores de esporas, encurvados e inmóviles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Las micobacterias se tiñen fácilmente con la tinción de Gram.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Cuáles son las principales especies de Mycobacterium de importancia médica?

    <p>Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae y Mycobacterium avium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Cuál es el periodo de incubación de la lepra?

    <p>Entre 2 y 10 años, con un máximo de 20 años.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Qué tipo de lesiones cutáneas se presentan en la lepra lepromatosa?

    <p>Todas las anteriores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Qué significa BAAR?

    <p>Bacilos alcohol-ácido resistentes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    La lepra lepromatosa se considera una forma benigna de la enfermedad.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Qué tipo de reacción cutánea se presenta en los pacientes con lepra tuberculoide?

    <p>Positiva a la lepromina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Qué es la lepromina?

    <p>Un derivado proteico purificado del Mycobacterium leprae utilizado para determinar el pronóstico de la enfermedad.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    La lepra se transmite solo por contacto directo con la piel.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Qué tipo de tratamiento se utiliza para la lepra?

    <p>Multidrogas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    La prueba de la tuberculina es específica para la infección de Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Cuál es el mecanismo de transmisión principal de la tuberculosis?

    <p>A través del aire, por gotitas de secreciones de tos y estornudos.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Qué tipo de lesión se forma en la tuberculosis primaria?

    <p>Complejo de Ghon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    La tuberculosis miliar es una forma de enfermedad de rápida progresión.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Cuáles son los principales síntomas de la tuberculosis pulmonar?

    <p>Tos crónica, catarro con o sin sangre, fatiga, fiebre, debilidad y pérdida de peso.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    La tuberculosis se puede prevenir con la vacuna BCG.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Qué tipo de tratamiento se utiliza para la tuberculosis?

    <p>Antibióticos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microbiology and Parasitology I - Course Notes

    • Course: Medicine - 2nd Year
    • Course Instructors: Carlos Javier Melgarejo (primary), Zunilda Cañete Duarte (assistant)
    • Topic: Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB)

    Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) - General Information

    • Morphology: Aerobic, non-spore forming, curved, non-motile bacilli.
    • Acid-fastness: Resistent to acid or alcohol decoloration.
    • Stain: Often stained using Ziehl-Neelsen stain, which is crucial for identification.
    • Pathogenicity: High pathogenicity, causing chronic diseases with granulomatous lesions.
    • Growth Rate: Slow growth, with a generation time of 8 weeks.
    • Important Examples: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae.

    Mycobacterium tuberculosis

    • Causative Agent: The bacterium responsible for tuberculosis.
    • Aerobic Organism: Requires oxygen to survive and grow.
    • Acid-Fast: Resists decolorization with acid and alcohol.
    • Staining: Stained by Ziehl-Neelsen stain.
    • Clinical Significance: Causes tuberculosis.

    Mycobacterium leprae

    • Causative Agent: The bacterium that causes leprosy.
    • Indistinguishable Morphology: Morphologically similar to M. tuberculosis
    • Non-cultivable: Difficult to grow in laboratory settings.
    • Acid-Fast: Resists decolorization with acid and alcohol
    • Staining: Stained by Ziehl-Neelsen stain
    • Clinical Significance: Causes leprosy, primarily affecting peripheral nerves, skin, and mucous membranes.

    Transmission of Mycobacterium leprae

    • Transmission: Infectious droplets, close and frequent contact with infected individuals, typically via respiratory secretions.
    • Disease manifestation: Disease becomes more severe if untreated with progressive lesions in the skin and nerves, extremities, and eyes.

    Transmission of M Tuberculosis

    • Transmission: Via airborne droplets (coughing, sneezing).
    • Infectivity: Infectious for months or decades; latent infections are possible.
    • Symptom severity: Disease severity and onset depend on individual host response and immune system functioning.

    Micobacterias- Important Clinical Aspects (Table)

    • Species | Reservoir | Causative Disease | Transmission | Growth Rate | Temperature | PIGMENT | NIACIN | Virulence
    • ---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
    • M. tuberculosis | Humans | Tuberculosis | Person to person | Slow | 37°C | + | + | +++
    • M. bovis | Animals | Tuberculosis | Animal to human | Slow | 37°C | + | + | +++
    • M. kansasii | Environment | Similar to tuberculosis | Low | 37°C | ± | + | +
    • M. scrofulaceum | Environment | Lymphadenitis/inflammation | Low | 37°C | - | - | +

    Diagnosis of Mycobacterium leprae

    • Non-cultivable: Leprosy cannot be cultured using typical microbiological techniques
    • Stains: Ziehl-Neelsen stain used.
    • Morphology: BAAR (acid-fast bacilli) found in parallel or globular masses in skin and mucous membranes (e.g., nasal passages).
    • No serological examination: No serological tests are used for diagnosis.

    Diagnosis of M. tuberculosis

    • Methods Used:
      • Direct visualization: Microscopic examination of clinical samples (saliva or sputum) to detect AFB using Ziehl–Neelsen stain.
      • Culture: Cultivating the bacilli in microbiological media to identify and isolate the bacteria.
      • Molecular tests (PCR): Amplifying and detecting specific nucleic acid sequences of the organism in clinical specimens for rapid diagnosis.

    Clinical manifestations (Leprosy)

    • Cutaneous lesions: Skin lesions can be pale and numb or have varying degrees of redness and inflammation. Size can range from 1 to 10 cm.
    • Nodular lesions: Nodular inflammatory lesions can be present.
    • Nerve involvement: Severe nerve damage is a characteristic finding in untreated leprosy, leading to loss of sensation.
    • Complications: Untreated leprosy can cause progressive nerve involvement, leading to numbness, paralysis, and claw hand deformities.

    Treatment of Mycobacterium leprae

    • Multidrug therapy (MDT): A combination of multiple medications.
    • Duration: Treatment needs to last for a prolonged period (usually for several months or years).

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    Description

    Dive into the fascinating world of Acid-Fast Bacilli in this quiz tailored for 2nd year medicine students. Explore the unique characteristics, staining techniques, and pathogenicity of key organisms like Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae. Test your knowledge and enhance your understanding of this important topic in microbiology.

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