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Questions and Answers
What is the name of the most common opportunistic microorganism in patients with SIDA/AIDS?
What is the name of the most common opportunistic microorganism in patients with SIDA/AIDS?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an obligate aerobe.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an obligate aerobe.
True
Mycobacterium leprae is easily cultivated in the lab.
Mycobacterium leprae is easily cultivated in the lab.
False
Leprosy is a curable disease.
Leprosy is a curable disease.
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Leprosy is primarily transmitted through airborne droplets.
Leprosy is primarily transmitted through airborne droplets.
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The incubation period for leprosy can be as long as 20 years.
The incubation period for leprosy can be as long as 20 years.
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What is the term for the distinct skin lesions that are characteristic of leprosy?
What is the term for the distinct skin lesions that are characteristic of leprosy?
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Which of the following is NOT a potential complication of leprosy?
Which of the following is NOT a potential complication of leprosy?
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What is the name of the test used to determine the prognosis of leprosy?
What is the name of the test used to determine the prognosis of leprosy?
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Which type of leprosy is considered progressive and malignant?
Which type of leprosy is considered progressive and malignant?
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The lepromin test is typically positive in individuals with lepromatous leprosy.
The lepromin test is typically positive in individuals with lepromatous leprosy.
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Patients with lepromatous leprosy often experience extensive tissue destruction.
Patients with lepromatous leprosy often experience extensive tissue destruction.
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The lepromin test involves injecting a purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium leprae under the skin.
The lepromin test involves injecting a purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium leprae under the skin.
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Tuberculoid leprosy is considered benign and non-progressive.
Tuberculoid leprosy is considered benign and non-progressive.
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Patients with tuberculoid leprosy usually have a positive lepromin test.
Patients with tuberculoid leprosy usually have a positive lepromin test.
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Tuberculoid leprosy is characterized by a high bacterial burden.
Tuberculoid leprosy is characterized by a high bacterial burden.
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Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of tuberculoid leprosy?
Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of tuberculoid leprosy?
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Leprosy is a major cause of blindness in tropical areas.
Leprosy is a major cause of blindness in tropical areas.
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The treatment for leprosy involves a combination of antibiotics, such as rifampicin, dapsone, and clofazimine.
The treatment for leprosy involves a combination of antibiotics, such as rifampicin, dapsone, and clofazimine.
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The lepra bacillus is known to produce a potent toxin.
The lepra bacillus is known to produce a potent toxin.
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The diagnosis of leprosy often relies heavily on serological testing.
The diagnosis of leprosy often relies heavily on serological testing.
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The widespread use of the BCG vaccine has significantly reduced the incidence of leprosy in many parts of the world.
The widespread use of the BCG vaccine has significantly reduced the incidence of leprosy in many parts of the world.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis is responsible for causing leprosy.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is responsible for causing leprosy.
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What is the name of the characteristic lesion found in tuberculosis?
What is the name of the characteristic lesion found in tuberculosis?
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Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of tuberculosis?
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of tuberculosis?
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Tuberculosis is a contagious disease.
Tuberculosis is a contagious disease.
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The BCG vaccine provides complete protection against tuberculosis.
The BCG vaccine provides complete protection against tuberculosis.
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Tuberculosis is a major public health concern worldwide.
Tuberculosis is a major public health concern worldwide.
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The tuberculin skin test (Mantoux test) is a reliable way to diagnose active tuberculosis.
The tuberculin skin test (Mantoux test) is a reliable way to diagnose active tuberculosis.
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Tuberculosis can be effectively treated with antibiotics, such as isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide.
Tuberculosis can be effectively treated with antibiotics, such as isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide.
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Tuberculosis is more common in people with compromised immune systems.
Tuberculosis is more common in people with compromised immune systems.
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Tuberculosis can affect organs other than the lungs.
Tuberculosis can affect organs other than the lungs.
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Miliary tuberculosis is a highly infectious form of the disease.
Miliary tuberculosis is a highly infectious form of the disease.
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The incidence of tuberculosis is declining in many regions of the world.
The incidence of tuberculosis is declining in many regions of the world.
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Tuberculosis is a leading cause of death from infectious diseases worldwide.
Tuberculosis is a leading cause of death from infectious diseases worldwide.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that all individuals be vaccinated with BCG.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that all individuals be vaccinated with BCG.
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Tuberculosis is a preventable disease.
Tuberculosis is a preventable disease.
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In the past few decades, there has been a significant resurgence of tuberculosis cases worldwide.
In the past few decades, there has been a significant resurgence of tuberculosis cases worldwide.
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Tuberculosis is a disease that primarily affects children.
Tuberculosis is a disease that primarily affects children.
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¿Cuál es el agente etiológico de la lepra?
¿Cuál es el agente etiológico de la lepra?
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¿Qué tipo de bacilos son las micobacterias en general?
¿Qué tipo de bacilos son las micobacterias en general?
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Las micobacterias se tiñen fácilmente con la tinción de Gram.
Las micobacterias se tiñen fácilmente con la tinción de Gram.
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¿Cuáles son las principales especies de Mycobacterium de importancia médica?
¿Cuáles son las principales especies de Mycobacterium de importancia médica?
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¿Cuál es el periodo de incubación de la lepra?
¿Cuál es el periodo de incubación de la lepra?
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¿Qué tipo de lesiones cutáneas se presentan en la lepra lepromatosa?
¿Qué tipo de lesiones cutáneas se presentan en la lepra lepromatosa?
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¿Qué significa BAAR?
¿Qué significa BAAR?
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La lepra lepromatosa se considera una forma benigna de la enfermedad.
La lepra lepromatosa se considera una forma benigna de la enfermedad.
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¿Qué tipo de reacción cutánea se presenta en los pacientes con lepra tuberculoide?
¿Qué tipo de reacción cutánea se presenta en los pacientes con lepra tuberculoide?
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¿Qué es la lepromina?
¿Qué es la lepromina?
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La lepra se transmite solo por contacto directo con la piel.
La lepra se transmite solo por contacto directo con la piel.
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¿Qué tipo de tratamiento se utiliza para la lepra?
¿Qué tipo de tratamiento se utiliza para la lepra?
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La prueba de la tuberculina es específica para la infección de Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
La prueba de la tuberculina es específica para la infección de Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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¿Cuál es el mecanismo de transmisión principal de la tuberculosis?
¿Cuál es el mecanismo de transmisión principal de la tuberculosis?
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¿Qué tipo de lesión se forma en la tuberculosis primaria?
¿Qué tipo de lesión se forma en la tuberculosis primaria?
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La tuberculosis miliar es una forma de enfermedad de rápida progresión.
La tuberculosis miliar es una forma de enfermedad de rápida progresión.
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¿Cuáles son los principales síntomas de la tuberculosis pulmonar?
¿Cuáles son los principales síntomas de la tuberculosis pulmonar?
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La tuberculosis se puede prevenir con la vacuna BCG.
La tuberculosis se puede prevenir con la vacuna BCG.
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¿Qué tipo de tratamiento se utiliza para la tuberculosis?
¿Qué tipo de tratamiento se utiliza para la tuberculosis?
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Study Notes
Microbiology and Parasitology I - Course Notes
- Course: Medicine - 2nd Year
- Course Instructors: Carlos Javier Melgarejo (primary), Zunilda Cañete Duarte (assistant)
- Topic: Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB)
Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) - General Information
- Morphology: Aerobic, non-spore forming, curved, non-motile bacilli.
- Acid-fastness: Resistent to acid or alcohol decoloration.
- Stain: Often stained using Ziehl-Neelsen stain, which is crucial for identification.
- Pathogenicity: High pathogenicity, causing chronic diseases with granulomatous lesions.
- Growth Rate: Slow growth, with a generation time of 8 weeks.
- Important Examples: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Causative Agent: The bacterium responsible for tuberculosis.
- Aerobic Organism: Requires oxygen to survive and grow.
- Acid-Fast: Resists decolorization with acid and alcohol.
- Staining: Stained by Ziehl-Neelsen stain.
- Clinical Significance: Causes tuberculosis.
Mycobacterium leprae
- Causative Agent: The bacterium that causes leprosy.
- Indistinguishable Morphology: Morphologically similar to M. tuberculosis
- Non-cultivable: Difficult to grow in laboratory settings.
- Acid-Fast: Resists decolorization with acid and alcohol
- Staining: Stained by Ziehl-Neelsen stain
- Clinical Significance: Causes leprosy, primarily affecting peripheral nerves, skin, and mucous membranes.
Transmission of Mycobacterium leprae
- Transmission: Infectious droplets, close and frequent contact with infected individuals, typically via respiratory secretions.
- Disease manifestation: Disease becomes more severe if untreated with progressive lesions in the skin and nerves, extremities, and eyes.
Transmission of M Tuberculosis
- Transmission: Via airborne droplets (coughing, sneezing).
- Infectivity: Infectious for months or decades; latent infections are possible.
- Symptom severity: Disease severity and onset depend on individual host response and immune system functioning.
Micobacterias- Important Clinical Aspects (Table)
- Species | Reservoir | Causative Disease | Transmission | Growth Rate | Temperature | PIGMENT | NIACIN | Virulence
- ---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
- M. tuberculosis | Humans | Tuberculosis | Person to person | Slow | 37°C | + | + | +++
- M. bovis | Animals | Tuberculosis | Animal to human | Slow | 37°C | + | + | +++
- M. kansasii | Environment | Similar to tuberculosis | Low | 37°C | ± | + | +
- M. scrofulaceum | Environment | Lymphadenitis/inflammation | Low | 37°C | - | - | +
Diagnosis of Mycobacterium leprae
- Non-cultivable: Leprosy cannot be cultured using typical microbiological techniques
- Stains: Ziehl-Neelsen stain used.
- Morphology: BAAR (acid-fast bacilli) found in parallel or globular masses in skin and mucous membranes (e.g., nasal passages).
- No serological examination: No serological tests are used for diagnosis.
Diagnosis of M. tuberculosis
-
Methods Used:
- Direct visualization: Microscopic examination of clinical samples (saliva or sputum) to detect AFB using Ziehl–Neelsen stain.
- Culture: Cultivating the bacilli in microbiological media to identify and isolate the bacteria.
- Molecular tests (PCR): Amplifying and detecting specific nucleic acid sequences of the organism in clinical specimens for rapid diagnosis.
Clinical manifestations (Leprosy)
- Cutaneous lesions: Skin lesions can be pale and numb or have varying degrees of redness and inflammation. Size can range from 1 to 10 cm.
- Nodular lesions: Nodular inflammatory lesions can be present.
- Nerve involvement: Severe nerve damage is a characteristic finding in untreated leprosy, leading to loss of sensation.
- Complications: Untreated leprosy can cause progressive nerve involvement, leading to numbness, paralysis, and claw hand deformities.
Treatment of Mycobacterium leprae
- Multidrug therapy (MDT): A combination of multiple medications.
- Duration: Treatment needs to last for a prolonged period (usually for several months or years).
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Description
Dive into the fascinating world of Acid-Fast Bacilli in this quiz tailored for 2nd year medicine students. Explore the unique characteristics, staining techniques, and pathogenicity of key organisms like Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae. Test your knowledge and enhance your understanding of this important topic in microbiology.