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Questions and Answers
What is the term for the psychological tension and physical arousal that drives an organism to satisfy a need?
Which of the following best describes obesity?
What psychological need is characterized by the desire for friendly social interactions and relationships?
What does Maslow's concept of self-actualization represent?
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What term refers to societal expectations surrounding masculine or feminine behavior?
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What is the primary function of sensory memory?
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Which memory technique involves repeating information to extend short-term retention?
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What type of long-term memory involves skills and procedures one knows how to perform?
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Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for the formation of new long-term memories?
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What is the difference between recall and recognition in memory retrieval?
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Which type of memory is concerned with general knowledge learned through education?
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What phenomenon describes the tendency to remember the first items in a list better than the subsequent items?
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Which of the following memory types comes into play when performing everyday tasks, such as riding a bike?
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What does functional fixedness refer to in problem-solving?
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Which component is not part of Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of intelligence?
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What is the 'g' factor according to Spearman's Theory of intelligence?
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Which intelligence test is the most commonly used IQ test in the U.S.?
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According to Gardner's Theory, how many different types of intelligence are identified?
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How is Intelligence Quotient (IQ) calculated?
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Which type of intelligence involves breaking down problems into component parts?
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What is the primary criticism of Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences?
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What does the recency effect describe?
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What is proactive interference?
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How does retrograde amnesia affect memory?
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Which term refers to educated guesses that help narrow down possible solutions in problem-solving?
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What characterizes an algorithm in problem-solving?
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What type of amnesia is most commonly associated with Alzheimer's Disease?
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Which of these options represents a superordinate concept?
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What is a key feature of the insight problem-solving approach?
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What is defined as a condition where a person's skills are at a much lower level than normal for their age?
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Which period is characterized by the implantation of the zygote in the uterus?
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Which motivation type involves doing an activity for an external reward?
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What is a defining feature of monozygotic twins?
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Which of the following best describes the primary focus of longitudinal research designs?
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What does the term 'teratogens' refer to during the embryonic period?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the fetal period?
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What is drive reduction theory primarily associated with?
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Study Notes
Memory Processes
- Memory is an active system that receives, organizes, stores, and retrieves information.
- Sensory memory is the initial stage of memory where information enters through the senses.
- Iconic memory: Visual sensory memory lasting a fraction of a second.
- Echoic memory: Auditory sensory memory lasting a few seconds.
- Short-term memory (STM) holds information briefly for immediate use.
- Maintenance rehearsal: Repeating information to keep it in STM.
- Chunking: Combining bits of information into larger units for easier storage in STM.
- Long-term memory (LTM) stores information relatively permanently.
- Elaborative rehearsal: Making information meaningful to transfer it from STM to LTM.
- Procedural LTM: Skills and procedures (muscle memory).
- Declarative LTM: Factual information and knowledge.
- Episodic memory: Memories of recent activities and past events.
- Semantic memory: General knowledge acquired through education.
- The hippocampus is involved in forming new LTMs, primarily declarative memories, and transferring information from STM to LTM. Procedural memories are stored in the cerebellum.
- Memories of fear are stored in the amygdala.
- Retrieval cues are stimuli that help access memories from storage.
- Recognition: Matching a stimulus to previously stored information. External cues are available.
- Recall: Pulling information from memory with minimal external cues.
- The serial position effect describes the tendency to remember information at the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) of a list better than information in the middle.
- Forgetting can result from:
- Encoding failure: Lack of attention or rehearsal during encoding.
- Retrieval failure: Temporary inability to recall stored information.
- Interference theory proposes that forgetting occurs due to competition between memories.
- Proactive interference: Old information interferes with new information recall.
- Retroactive interference: New information interferes with old information recall.
- Amnesia is a loss of memory.
- Retrograde amnesia: Loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma backwards (older memories). May indicate a disruption in the consolidation process.
- Anterograde amnesia: Loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward (new memories). Often associated with senile dementia in Alzheimer's Disease. Difficulty forming new LT's after the injury or trauma.
Thinking and Problem-Solving
- Thinking or cognition involves organizing, understanding, and communicating information.
- Mental images are visual representations based on experience.
- Concepts are ideas representing a class of objects, events, or people.
- Superordinate: Most general form (animal, fruit).
- Basic level: Example of a superordinate concept (dog, apple).
- Subordinate Most specific example (Pug, Red).
- Problem-solving involves reaching a goal through thinking or behavior.
- Trial and error: Trying different approaches until a successful one is found.
- Algorithms: Step-by-step procedures (math formulas, recipes).
- Heuristics: Educated guesses or rules of thumb based on past experiences. Quick and efficient, but not always accurate.
- Insight: Sudden understanding of the solution, based on understanding components and their relationships. Cannot be achieved through trial and error alone.
- Problem-solving barriers:
- Functional fixedness: Thinking about objects only in terms of their typical uses.
- Mental set: Using familiar problem-solving strategies even if they're not effective.
Intelligence
- Intelligence: Ability to learn from experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in problem-solving and new situations.
- Spearman's Theory:
- "g" factor: General intelligence, reasoning and problem-solving ability.
- "S" factor: Specific intelligence, excelling in particular areas (art, music, etc.).
- Gardner's Theory:
- Multiple intelligences: 9 types of intelligence based on abilities and personality traits. Criticized for lack of research and whether the categories actually measure intelligence.
- Sternberg's Triarchic Theory:
- Analytical intelligence: Ability to break down problems for analysis (book smarts).
- Practical intelligence: Ability to function and adapt to real-world situations (street smarts)
- Creative intelligence: Understanding new ideas, adapting to new situations, and generating novel solutions (divergent thinking).
- IQ Tests:
- Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test: Measures intelligence quotient (IQ) by dividing mental age by chronological age, multiplying by 100 (MA/CA x 100 = IQ).
- Wechsler Intelligence Test: Most commonly used in the US. Different versions for different age groups. Organized into 4 scales: verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed.
- Special Populations:
- Gifted: Top 2-3% of the population, with IQ of 130 or higher.
- Intellectual Disability: Condition with significantly lower social, cognitive, and behavioral abilities than typical for their age, with IQ at or below 70 (developmental delay).
Development Across the Lifespan
- Nature vs. Nurture:
- Nature: Genetics, heredity, biology, etc.
- Nurture: Environment, socialization, etc.
- Developmental research designs:
- Cross-sectional: Comparing different age groups at the same time.
- Longitudinal: Studying one group over many years to assess development as they age.
- Prenatal development:
- Germinal period (first 2 weeks): Zygote moves to uterus, implants, and begins to develop.
- Embryonic period (2-8 weeks): Major organs and structures develop. Critical period for vulnerability to teratogens. Structural birth defects may occur.
- Fetal period (8 weeks to birth): Most development, growth, and organ functionality occur.
- Conception and twins:
- Monozygotic twins: "Identical" twins formed when one zygote splits into two embryos (same DNA).
- Dizygotic twins: "Fraternal" twins form when two eggs are fertilized by two different sperm (different DNA).
Motivation and Emotion
- Motivation: The drive to reach a goal or satisfy a need.
- Extrinsic motivation: Driven by external rewards or consequences.
- Intrinsic motivation: Driven by internal satisfaction or enjoyment.
- Drive Reduction Theory:
- Need: Physical requirement for survival and well-being.
- Drive: Psychological tension and arousal resulting from a need. Drives motivate actions to reduce the tension.
- Homeostasis: Tendency of the body to maintain balance.
- Obesity: Condition where body weight is 20% or more over the ideal weight.
- Psychological Needs:
- Need for achievement: Desire to succeed in achieving goals.
- Need for affiliation: Desire for friendly social interactions and relationships.
- Need for power: Desire for control, status, and influence.
- Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs:
- Self-actualization: Reaching full human potential after satisfying basic needs.
Sexuality and Gender
- Sex: The physical aspects of being male or female.
- Primary sex traits: Sexual organs, gonads, etc.
- Secondary sex traits: Puberty-related changes.
- Gender: Psychological aspects of being male or female.
- Gender identity: One's subjective sense of being male or female.
- Gender roles: Expectations of masculine or feminine behavior.
- Gender stereotypes: Concepts about a person or group based on their gender.
- Traditional gender stereotypes: Societal expectations of stereotypical male and female behavior and traits.
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Description
Explore the intricate stages of memory in this quiz, including sensory, short-term, and long-term memory. Discover concepts such as iconic and echoic memory, maintenance rehearsal, and the different types of long-term memory. Test your understanding of how information is organized and retrieved within the memory system.
