Psychology Chapter 7: Memory Models
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Psychology Chapter 7: Memory Models

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Questions and Answers

What are the limits of short-term memory and how can we get around them?

How is memory involved in processes such as doing a math problem?

What is memory?

Processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present.

What are the three different types of memory according to Atkinson and Shiffrin?

<p>Sensory Memory, Short-term Memory, Long-term Memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does short-term memory typically hold information?

<p>15 to 30 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sensory memory holds a small amount of information for long periods of time.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is iconic memory responsible for?

<p>Persistence of vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory has a large capacity for holding information?

<p>Long-term Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

The average number of items short-term memory can hold is between _____ and _____ items.

<p>five, nine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of chunking in short-term memory?

<p>To organize small units into larger, meaningful constructs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the initial digit span of the college student trained in chunking by Ericsson et al.?

<p>7 digits</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes sensory memory?

<p>It holds incoming information for a very short time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many digits was the trained student able to remember after extensive training?

<p>79 digits</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical capacity of short-term memory?

<p>5 to 9 items</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sensory memory?

<p>To retain environmental feedback for brief durations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to performance when the tone in the delayed partial report method is presented after a delay?

<p>It decreases rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is associated with the persistence of vision?

<p>Iconic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the partial report method, what was the average number of items participants could report?

<p>3.3 out of 4 letters</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of sensory memory results in rapid decay?

<p>Limited storage time</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the average performance percentage in the whole report method according to Sperling's findings?

<p>37.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is echoic memory primarily responsible for?

<p>The brief memory of auditory stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon is illustrated by the sparkler's trail of light?

<p>Persistence of vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long can short-term memory typically hold information when rehearsal is prevented?

<p>15-30 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon explains the reduction in memory performance over time in short-term memory?

<p>Decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Peterson & Peterson's experiment primarily investigate regarding short-term memory?

<p>The effect of rehearsal on memory recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical capacity of short-term memory, often referred to as the 'magical number 7'?

<p>5-9 items</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information does short-term memory include?

<p>A mixture of new and recalled information</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of short-term memory, what is meant by the term 'item'?

<p>A chunk of information that can be a group of items</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to short-term memory performance after 18 seconds of interference?

<p>Drops to approximately 10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about sensory memory?

<p>It retains all incoming information for a brief period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a key function of short-term memory?

<p>Holding information briefly for immediate use</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strategies is NOT a control process in memory?

<p>Sensory input</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does short-term memory typically hold information?

<p>15 to 30 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when information is rehearsed in short-term memory?

<p>It can be transferred to long-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the modal model of memory, which type of memory is characterized by a very short duration and large capacity?

<p>Sensory Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the nature of control processes in memory?

<p>They involve active, conscious methods to manage information handling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reason for forgetting a telephone number soon after learning it?

<p>The telephone number is not rehearsed adequately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does working memory play in cognitive tasks like solving a math problem?

<p>It temporarily holds and manipulates information needed for immediate tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of working memory?

<p>Temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of working memory is responsible for holding auditory information?

<p>Phonological loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the central executive play in working memory?

<p>Controls attention and suppresses irrelevant information</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the episodic buffer differ from the phonological loop?

<p>It communicates with both long-term and working memory components</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation does working memory face when processing information?

<p>It struggles to manage similar types of information being presented at the same time</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tasks does the visuospatial sketch pad help with?

<p>Visual imagery and spatial relationships tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the brain is working memory primarily processed?

<p>Prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to patients with frontal lobe damage in relation to working memory?

<p>They struggle with task switching and controlling attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between working memory and short-term memory?

<p>Working memory involves processing and manipulation during cognitive tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the articulatory rehearsal process?

<p>It helps maintain items in working memory through repetition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Memory

  • Memory: processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information, including stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills, after the original information is no longer present.
  • Memory is active any time a past experience has an impact on how we think or behave in the present or future.

The Modal Model of Memory

  • Proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
  • Describes three types of memory:
    • Sensory Memory
    • Short-term Memory
    • Long-term Memory
  • Control processes are active processes that can be controlled by the person
    • Rehearsal
    • Strategies to enhance memorability
    • Strategies for focusing attention

Sensory Memory

  • Brief retention of sensory stimulation.
  • Holds a large amount of information for a short amount of time.
  • Information decays quickly.
  • Processes information initially, collecting and holding it for initial processing.
  • Sensory memory fills in the gaps in our perception.
  • Persistence of vision is the retention of light perception
    • Example: the trail of light left by a sparkler

Sperling's Sensory Memory Experiment

  • Sperling (1960) used an array of letters to test sensory memory capacity and duration.
  • Letters were flashed quickly for a brief period (50/1000 of a second).
  • Participants were asked to recall the letters.
    • Whole report method: recall as many letters as possible.
      • Average of 4.5 out of 12 letters (37.5% accuracy).
    • Partial report method: heard a tone indicating which row of letters to recall.
      • Average of 3.3 out of 4 letters (82% accuracy).
      • Accurate for all rows.
    • Delayed partial report method: tone was presented after the letters were extinguished.
      • Performance decreased rapidly with delayed timing.

Sensory Memory: Types

  • Iconic memory is the brief sensory memory of what we see.
    • Responsible for persistence of vision.
  • Echoic memory is the brief sensory memory of what we hear.
    • Responsible for persistence of sound.

Short-Term Memory vs. Working Memory

  • Short-term memory (STM) is responsible for holding a small amount of information for a brief period of time
  • Working memory (WM) is responsible for the processing and manipulation of information that occurs during complex cognition
  • Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) proposed a model with three types of memory
    • Sensory Memory: Holds all incoming information for a short period (seconds to fractions of a second)
    • Short-Term Memory: Holds 5-9 items for 15-30 seconds
    • Long-Term Memory: Holds large amounts of information for years

Sensory Memory

  • Sensory memory is the brief retention of sensory information
  • It has a large capacity but decays rapidly
  • Iconic memory is visual sensory memory, responsible for persistence of vision
  • Echoic memory is auditory sensory memory, responsible for persistence of sound

Short-Term Memory

  • Peterson & Peterson (1959) showed rapid decay of STM when rehearsal is prevented
  • Capacity of STM is about 5-9 items
  • Chunking is a strategy to increase STM capacity by grouping smaller units into larger meaningful units

Working Memory

  • Baddeley & Hitch (1974) proposed a model of WM with multiple components that function separately
    • Phonological Loop: Holds verbal and auditory information
      • Articulatory Rehearsal Process: Maintains information by repeating it to prevent decay
    • Visuospatial Sketchpad: Holds visual and spatial information
      • Involved in visual imagery and mental rotation tasks
    • Central Executive: Attention controller
      • Focuses, divides, and switches attention
      • Inhibits irrelevant information
      • Controls suppression of irrelevant information
    • Episodic Buffer: Back-up store that communicates with WM and LTM
      • Holds information longer and has greater capacity than other WM components

Brain and Working Memory

  • The frontal cortex plays a role in WM and attention
  • Prefrontal cortex processes incoming visual and auditory information
  • Monkeys without a prefrontal cortex struggle with tasks that require WM (e.g., delayed-response tasks)

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Description

This quiz covers the processes involved in memory, including retention, retrieval, and the types of memory as proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin. It explores sensory, short-term, and long-term memory, alongside control processes that enhance memorability and attention. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts in psychology!

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