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Questions and Answers
What are the limits of short-term memory and how can we get around them?
What are the limits of short-term memory and how can we get around them?
How is memory involved in processes such as doing a math problem?
How is memory involved in processes such as doing a math problem?
What is memory?
What is memory?
Processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present.
What are the three different types of memory according to Atkinson and Shiffrin?
What are the three different types of memory according to Atkinson and Shiffrin?
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How long does short-term memory typically hold information?
How long does short-term memory typically hold information?
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Sensory memory holds a small amount of information for long periods of time.
Sensory memory holds a small amount of information for long periods of time.
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What is iconic memory responsible for?
What is iconic memory responsible for?
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Which type of memory has a large capacity for holding information?
Which type of memory has a large capacity for holding information?
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The average number of items short-term memory can hold is between _____ and _____ items.
The average number of items short-term memory can hold is between _____ and _____ items.
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What is the purpose of chunking in short-term memory?
What is the purpose of chunking in short-term memory?
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What was the initial digit span of the college student trained in chunking by Ericsson et al.?
What was the initial digit span of the college student trained in chunking by Ericsson et al.?
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Which of the following best describes sensory memory?
Which of the following best describes sensory memory?
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How many digits was the trained student able to remember after extensive training?
How many digits was the trained student able to remember after extensive training?
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What is the typical capacity of short-term memory?
What is the typical capacity of short-term memory?
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What is the primary function of sensory memory?
What is the primary function of sensory memory?
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What happens to performance when the tone in the delayed partial report method is presented after a delay?
What happens to performance when the tone in the delayed partial report method is presented after a delay?
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Which type of memory is associated with the persistence of vision?
Which type of memory is associated with the persistence of vision?
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In the partial report method, what was the average number of items participants could report?
In the partial report method, what was the average number of items participants could report?
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What characteristic of sensory memory results in rapid decay?
What characteristic of sensory memory results in rapid decay?
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What was the average performance percentage in the whole report method according to Sperling's findings?
What was the average performance percentage in the whole report method according to Sperling's findings?
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What is echoic memory primarily responsible for?
What is echoic memory primarily responsible for?
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What phenomenon is illustrated by the sparkler's trail of light?
What phenomenon is illustrated by the sparkler's trail of light?
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How long can short-term memory typically hold information when rehearsal is prevented?
How long can short-term memory typically hold information when rehearsal is prevented?
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Which phenomenon explains the reduction in memory performance over time in short-term memory?
Which phenomenon explains the reduction in memory performance over time in short-term memory?
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What did Peterson & Peterson's experiment primarily investigate regarding short-term memory?
What did Peterson & Peterson's experiment primarily investigate regarding short-term memory?
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What is the typical capacity of short-term memory, often referred to as the 'magical number 7'?
What is the typical capacity of short-term memory, often referred to as the 'magical number 7'?
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What type of information does short-term memory include?
What type of information does short-term memory include?
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In the context of short-term memory, what is meant by the term 'item'?
In the context of short-term memory, what is meant by the term 'item'?
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What happens to short-term memory performance after 18 seconds of interference?
What happens to short-term memory performance after 18 seconds of interference?
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Which of the following statements is true about sensory memory?
Which of the following statements is true about sensory memory?
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What is considered a key function of short-term memory?
What is considered a key function of short-term memory?
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Which of the following strategies is NOT a control process in memory?
Which of the following strategies is NOT a control process in memory?
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How long does short-term memory typically hold information?
How long does short-term memory typically hold information?
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What happens when information is rehearsed in short-term memory?
What happens when information is rehearsed in short-term memory?
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In the modal model of memory, which type of memory is characterized by a very short duration and large capacity?
In the modal model of memory, which type of memory is characterized by a very short duration and large capacity?
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Which of the following describes the nature of control processes in memory?
Which of the following describes the nature of control processes in memory?
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What is a common reason for forgetting a telephone number soon after learning it?
What is a common reason for forgetting a telephone number soon after learning it?
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What role does working memory play in cognitive tasks like solving a math problem?
What role does working memory play in cognitive tasks like solving a math problem?
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What is the primary function of working memory?
What is the primary function of working memory?
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Which component of working memory is responsible for holding auditory information?
Which component of working memory is responsible for holding auditory information?
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What role does the central executive play in working memory?
What role does the central executive play in working memory?
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How does the episodic buffer differ from the phonological loop?
How does the episodic buffer differ from the phonological loop?
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What limitation does working memory face when processing information?
What limitation does working memory face when processing information?
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What type of tasks does the visuospatial sketch pad help with?
What type of tasks does the visuospatial sketch pad help with?
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In which part of the brain is working memory primarily processed?
In which part of the brain is working memory primarily processed?
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What happens to patients with frontal lobe damage in relation to working memory?
What happens to patients with frontal lobe damage in relation to working memory?
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What is a key difference between working memory and short-term memory?
What is a key difference between working memory and short-term memory?
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Which of the following accurately describes the articulatory rehearsal process?
Which of the following accurately describes the articulatory rehearsal process?
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Study Notes
Memory
- Memory: processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information, including stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills, after the original information is no longer present.
- Memory is active any time a past experience has an impact on how we think or behave in the present or future.
The Modal Model of Memory
- Proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
- Describes three types of memory:
- Sensory Memory
- Short-term Memory
- Long-term Memory
- Control processes are active processes that can be controlled by the person
- Rehearsal
- Strategies to enhance memorability
- Strategies for focusing attention
Sensory Memory
- Brief retention of sensory stimulation.
- Holds a large amount of information for a short amount of time.
- Information decays quickly.
- Processes information initially, collecting and holding it for initial processing.
- Sensory memory fills in the gaps in our perception.
- Persistence of vision is the retention of light perception
- Example: the trail of light left by a sparkler
Sperling's Sensory Memory Experiment
- Sperling (1960) used an array of letters to test sensory memory capacity and duration.
- Letters were flashed quickly for a brief period (50/1000 of a second).
- Participants were asked to recall the letters.
- Whole report method: recall as many letters as possible.
- Average of 4.5 out of 12 letters (37.5% accuracy).
- Partial report method: heard a tone indicating which row of letters to recall.
- Average of 3.3 out of 4 letters (82% accuracy).
- Accurate for all rows.
- Delayed partial report method: tone was presented after the letters were extinguished.
- Performance decreased rapidly with delayed timing.
- Whole report method: recall as many letters as possible.
Sensory Memory: Types
- Iconic memory is the brief sensory memory of what we see.
- Responsible for persistence of vision.
- Echoic memory is the brief sensory memory of what we hear.
- Responsible for persistence of sound.
Short-Term Memory vs. Working Memory
- Short-term memory (STM) is responsible for holding a small amount of information for a brief period of time
- Working memory (WM) is responsible for the processing and manipulation of information that occurs during complex cognition
Modal Model of Memory
- Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) proposed a model with three types of memory
- Sensory Memory: Holds all incoming information for a short period (seconds to fractions of a second)
- Short-Term Memory: Holds 5-9 items for 15-30 seconds
- Long-Term Memory: Holds large amounts of information for years
Sensory Memory
- Sensory memory is the brief retention of sensory information
- It has a large capacity but decays rapidly
- Iconic memory is visual sensory memory, responsible for persistence of vision
- Echoic memory is auditory sensory memory, responsible for persistence of sound
Short-Term Memory
- Peterson & Peterson (1959) showed rapid decay of STM when rehearsal is prevented
- Capacity of STM is about 5-9 items
- Chunking is a strategy to increase STM capacity by grouping smaller units into larger meaningful units
Working Memory
- Baddeley & Hitch (1974) proposed a model of WM with multiple components that function separately
- Phonological Loop: Holds verbal and auditory information
- Articulatory Rehearsal Process: Maintains information by repeating it to prevent decay
- Visuospatial Sketchpad: Holds visual and spatial information
- Involved in visual imagery and mental rotation tasks
- Central Executive: Attention controller
- Focuses, divides, and switches attention
- Inhibits irrelevant information
- Controls suppression of irrelevant information
- Episodic Buffer: Back-up store that communicates with WM and LTM
- Holds information longer and has greater capacity than other WM components
- Phonological Loop: Holds verbal and auditory information
Brain and Working Memory
- The frontal cortex plays a role in WM and attention
- Prefrontal cortex processes incoming visual and auditory information
- Monkeys without a prefrontal cortex struggle with tasks that require WM (e.g., delayed-response tasks)
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Description
This quiz covers the processes involved in memory, including retention, retrieval, and the types of memory as proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin. It explores sensory, short-term, and long-term memory, alongside control processes that enhance memorability and attention. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts in psychology!
