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Questions and Answers
Which concept focuses on the interface between psychological factors and physical health?
Which concept focuses on the interface between psychological factors and physical health?
What is a primary responsibility of clinical psychologists in hospital settings?
What is a primary responsibility of clinical psychologists in hospital settings?
Which of the following denotes a condition influenced by both psychological factors and organic vulnerability?
Which of the following denotes a condition influenced by both psychological factors and organic vulnerability?
Which protective cognitive style may help reduce susceptibility to disease?
Which protective cognitive style may help reduce susceptibility to disease?
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What type of psychological condition may occur due to inappropriate medical interventions?
What type of psychological condition may occur due to inappropriate medical interventions?
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Which of the following traits is NOT associated with Type A behavior that increases susceptibility to disease?
Which of the following traits is NOT associated with Type A behavior that increases susceptibility to disease?
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What are the biological effects of Type A behavior on hormone levels?
What are the biological effects of Type A behavior on hormone levels?
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Neglect of PS disorders is commonly observed in which of the following groups?
Neglect of PS disorders is commonly observed in which of the following groups?
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What type of prevention is emphasized as important for managing PS disorders?
What type of prevention is emphasized as important for managing PS disorders?
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Which of the following describes PS diseases?
Which of the following describes PS diseases?
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What is a notable characteristic of Type C behavior in the context of health outcomes?
What is a notable characteristic of Type C behavior in the context of health outcomes?
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Which of the following health effects is associated with Type C behavior?
Which of the following health effects is associated with Type C behavior?
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What best describes the emotional characteristics of individuals exhibiting Type D behavior?
What best describes the emotional characteristics of individuals exhibiting Type D behavior?
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Which statement accurately characterizes the approach taken with patients demonstrating Type C behavior?
Which statement accurately characterizes the approach taken with patients demonstrating Type C behavior?
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Which behavioral pattern tends to inhibit the discharge of emotions, leading to heightened anxiety and depressive states?
Which behavioral pattern tends to inhibit the discharge of emotions, leading to heightened anxiety and depressive states?
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Study Notes
Medical Psychology Course Summary
- Medical Psychology is a field of study that examines the interplay between medicine and psychosocial factors.
- It encompasses Health Psychology, Psychosomatics, Behavioral Medicine, and Clinical Psychology.
- These fields investigate links between psychological factors and health, illness, and treatment.
- Similarities and differences, and roles of clinical psychologists in hospitals, are key areas of focus.
Health Psychology
- Focuses on psychological mechanisms for staying healthy or becoming ill, including stress coping.
- An interdisciplinary field integrating psychosocial, behavioral, and biomedical knowledge.
- Goal is to promote health, prevent diseases, and facilitate rehabilitation as well.
Behavioral Medicine
- Combines psychosocial, behavioral, and biomedical knowledge for health promotion, disease prevention, and treatment.
- Aims to achieve health objectives through interdisciplinary approaches.
Psychosomatics
- Studies the relationship between psychological factors and diseases, especially the psychopathological mechanisms relating to psychosomatic issues.
Role of Clinical Psychologists in Hospitals
- Essential complementary role in the hospital therapeutic team.
- Evaluate patients psychologically and physically and provide interventions.
- Prevent psychiatric comorbidities including those iatrogenic in origin.
- Address persistent psychological symptoms.
Psychosomatic Disorders/Diseases
- Includes psychological factors (stress, trauma), plus organic vulnerabilities.
- Acute, benign (reversible) disorders without organic lesions (PS disorders).
- Chronic, partially/irreversibly harmful disorders (PS diseases), potentially lethal (e.g., cardiovascular).
- Neglecting psychosomatic issues is a common concern both for patients and physicians.
- Primary prevention efforts are crucial.
Type A Personality Traits (Friedman & Rosenman)
- Characterized by hostility, aggression (cognitive, verbal, behavioral), feelings of urgency, impatience, and competitiveness.
- Biologically linked to increased norepinephrine & adrenaline, testosterone, and triglycerides/cholesterol.
- Associated with cardiovascular symptoms like hypertension and coronary heart disease.
Type C Personality (Temoshok)
- Characterized by inhibiting negative feelings, appearance of calmness, conflict avoidance, suppression of emotions (especially anger).
- Associated with cancer onset, reduced catecholamine secretion, increased autoimmune disease risk (rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis).
- Patients can be adherent to treatment but struggle to express emotions.
Type D Personality (Denollet)
- Characterized by negative affectivity, social inhibition, anxiety, irritability, and depressive states.
- Associated with difficulty expressing emotions, fear of social rejection, and low self-esteem/depressive predispositions, and poor outcomes for cardiovascular patients.
Protective & Risky Cognitive Styles
- Self-efficacy: Belief in one's ability to mobilize resources for success.
- Internal Locus of Control (ILC): Belief that success comes from personal effort rather than chance.
- External Locus of Control (ELC): Belief that success/failure is determined by external factors.
- Hardiness (Kobasa): Ability to withstand stress, mental pressure, and change (composed of control, commitment, and challenge).
Coherence
- Perceptions of the world's comprehensibility, manageability, and purposefulness.
- Important factor in chronic diseases as patients must understand their importance of preventative measures.
Self-Esteem
- Balance between self-perceived value and ability to achieve goals.
Optimism
- Generally favorable cognitions about the future.
Neurosis/Psychosis
- Neurosis: Reactive disorders (stress, trauma), awareness is present, and patients are usually integrated in society, and should be primarily oriented toward a psychologist.
- Psychosis: Mixed etiology (genetic/environmental factors), high degree of maladaptation.
Research Methods in Health Psychology
- Observation: Direct/indirect, cost-effective and spontaneous, though subjective and lacking control.
- Clinical Interview: Structured (standard questions, brief and efficient) and semi-structured (open-ended, allows catharsis but time consuming).
- Experimentation: Allows clear cause-effect associations to be established.
- Psychological Tests: Standardized assessments for behavioral parameters to measure reliability and validity, like sensitivity (differences in cases).
- Case Studies: Qualitative descriptions of behaviors.
- Meta-Analysis: Statistical analysis of prior studies.
- Ethnographic Studies: Studying specific groups or societies.
- Biographic analysis/diaries: Important in longitudinal studies.
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of Medical Psychology, focusing on the interactions between medicine and psychosocial factors. This course covers key areas such as Health Psychology, Behavioral Medicine, and Psychosomatics, emphasizing their roles in health promotion and disease prevention. Gain insights into how these fields work together within clinical settings.
