Medical Pathogens and Immune Disorders Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which pathogen is classified as a fungus?

Malaria

Escherichia coli

Influenza

Candida (correct)

Which of the following is a viral pathogen?

Staphylococcal

Haemophilus influenzae

Streptococcal

Epstein Barr (correct)

Which of these is an example of an autoimmune disorder?

Rheumatoid arthritis (correct)

Anaphylactic shock

Food allergy

Allergic rhinitis

Anaphylactic shock is an example of what type of immune system disorder?

Hypersensitivity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a bacterial infection?

Pneumonia Infections Signup and view all the answers

Which of these infections is caused by a parasite?

Malaria Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cause of a disease?

The etiology. Signup and view all the answers

A non-infected blister is indicative of what pathological process?

Inflammation. Signup and view all the answers

What type of infection is the Common Cold?

Viral Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for chemicals that induce fever?

Pyrogens. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an EpiPen injection administered during an allergic reaction?

To reverse the symptoms of anaphylactic shock Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a neoplasm that does not spread to other parts of the body?

Benign. Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the narrowing of an open area of the body, such as the esophagus?

Stenosis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of microscopic study of tissues?

Histology. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mast cell chemical mostly associated with sneezing, runny nose and irritation in the upper respiratory tract?

Histamine. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the removal of necrotic tissue from a patient?

Debridement. Signup and view all the answers

What condition is Cecilia likely experiencing given her symptoms of severe dyspnea, laryngeal swelling, and hypotension?

Anaphylaxis Signup and view all the answers

Charles presents with a severe rash on his lower legs after hiking in the woods. Which condition is most probable?

Poison ivy Signup and view all the answers

Sara's symptoms, including a butterfly-shaped rash, positive ANA test, and other autoimmune markers, are indicative of which condition?

Systemic lupus erythematosus Signup and view all the answers

Annie experiences joint pain and splayed fingers due to immune complex deposition. What condition does this describe?

Rheumatoid arthritis Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the condition of having an increased number of white blood cells?

Leukocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction?

Anaphylaxis Signup and view all the answers

The proliferation of cancerous white blood cells is referred to as what condition?

Leukemia Signup and view all the answers

What condition describes an increase in the number of red blood cells in the body?

Erythrocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)?

To create a new path for blood flow around a blockage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)?

A minimally invasive procedure that uses a catheter Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a key difference between CABG and PCI?

CABG involves a longer recovery time, while PCI involves a shorter recovery time. Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change occurs during ventricular remodeling in heart failure?

The heart ventricles enlarge and stretch out Signup and view all the answers

How does neurohormonal activation affect heart failure?

It initially tries to help the heart, but long term can worsen heart failure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant consequence of impaired contractility in heart failure?

The heart muscle is less able to pump blood effectively. Signup and view all the answers

For which case would CABG be typically recommended?

For multiple, severe blockages or certain difficult to reach areas. Signup and view all the answers

When would PCI typically be recommended?

When a patient has one or two less severe blockages. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a direct cause of impaired relaxation in heart failure?

Changes in the way heart muscle cells work together Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT listed as a potential cause of heart failure?

Kidney failure Signup and view all the answers

In systolic heart failure, what structural change is most likely to occur in the ventricles?

Ventricles become enlarged and weakened Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary issue in diastolic heart failure?

The heart's inability to relax properly Signup and view all the answers

Which of these describes low-output heart failure?

The heart is not able to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of high-output heart failure?

The heart output is high because the body's demand for oxygen is high Signup and view all the answers

Anemia can cause which type of heart failure?

High-output heart failure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is associated with diastolic heart failure?

Stiff and less elastic ventricles Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of left ventricular failure (LVF)?

Inability of the left ventricle to pump enough blood. Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with fluid buildup in the lungs due to LVF?

Shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is described as having a backward effect in the context of heart failure?

Right ventricular failure Signup and view all the answers

What does the term hemoptysis refer to?

Blood-containing sputum. Signup and view all the answers

What is atelectasis?

The collapse of alveoli. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'sputum-related cough' signify?

Coughing up phlegm Signup and view all the answers

What is dyspnea?

Shortness of breath. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for insufficient oxygen in the body?

Hypoxia Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

HCR 240 Midterm Review

This review covers Human Pathophysiology from the Arizona College of Nursing.
Students are responsible for all previous learning guides and modules for the midterm exam.
The midterm exam will include material from module 3 and will be reviewed in module 4.

Chapter 2 and 9 Terms

Etiology: Cause of a disease.
Transudate: A non-infected blister.
Hyperplasia: An example of cellular adaptation, exemplified by keloid formation.
Pyrogens: Chemicals causing fevers.
Benign: A type of neoplasm that does not metastasize.
Stricture: Narrowing of an open area, like the esophagus.
Histology: Microscopic study of tissue.
Histamine: Mast cell chemical causing sneezing, runny nose and upper respiratory irritation.
Gangrene: Prolonged ischemia and necrosis, usually in extremities.
Fistula: Abnormal connection between two structures.
Purulent Exudate: Another word for pus.
Debridement: Removal of necrotic tissue from a patient.
Neoplasia: "New growth" often disorganized and uncontrolled.
Chemotaxis: Chemical signals attracting white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets.
Atrophy: Shrinkage of skeletal muscle due to paralysis.

Chapter 2 - Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes

Two causes of cellular injury:
Metabolic (hypoxia or ischemia)
Microbial agents (viruses or bacteria)
Apoptosis: Programmed cell death.
Necrosis: Cellular death caused by external agents like toxins, trauma or infection.

Chapter 3 – Genetic Basis of Disease

Review four diseases from Module 1 Study Guide. Prepare for ONE question on this material.

Chapter 9 - Inflammation and Dysfunctional Wound Healing

Describe a cut with primary, secondary, and tertiary intentions.

Chapter 10 - Infectious Diseases

Fill in table with pathogen type (bacterial, viral, fungal, parasite) and affected body systems for various pathogens. Include symptoms.

Chapter 11 - Disorders of the Immune System

Define and compare hypersensitivity, autoimmune and immunodeficiency. Provide examples.

Case Studies

Analyze short patient scenarios to identify conditions and supporting evidence.

Chapters 11-15 - Vocabulary Terms

List terms related to white blood cell counts, allergic reactions, blood cell disorders, stopping of bleeding, types of lymphoma, RBC destruction, hives, blood clots, abnormal tumors, vessel wall problems, insufficient oxygen delivery, and weakened arterial walls.

Chapter 13 – Disorders of the Red Blood Cells

Compare different types of anemia (acute blood loss, chronic blood loss, hemolytic, sickle cell) and their treatments. Understand their causes.

Chapter 14- Disorders of Platelets, Hemostasis, and Coagulation

List risk factors for increased coagulation activity.

Chapter 15 – Arterial Disorders

Define hypertension and its risk factors (obesity, age, diabetes).

Chapter 16 - Ischemic Heart Disease

Name and describe heart dysrhythmias (tachycardia, bradycardia, supraventricular arrhythmias).
Define angina pectoris and its causes.
Describe two heart disease surgical/endovascular options (CABG, PCI).
Explain the differences in procedures.

Chapter 17 - Heart Failure

Describe four pathological changes of heart failure (ventricular remodeling, neurohormonal activation, impaired contractility, impaired relaxation).
Describe causes of heart failure.
Compare systolic and diastolic heart failure.
Contrast high-output and low-output heart failure.

Chapter 18 - Right Ventricular Failure

How does RVF cause systemic backward effects?

Chapter 19 - Venous Disorders

Identify the triad of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT).
Explain how DVT can lead to Pulmonary Embolism (PE).
Describe the clinical presentation of PE.

Chapter 20 - Respiratory Inflammation and Infection

Identify potential pathogens for various respiratory diseases
List signs of lung pathology (hemoptysis, atelectasis, productive cough, expectoration, dyspnea, hypoxemia, rhonchi, crackles).

Chapter 21 - Obstructive Respiratory Disorders

Explain how hypoxia is regulated in the body.
Compare and contrast chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
Provide categories of pneumothorax and their differences.
Discuss the relationship of SARS-Coronavirus with acute respiratory diseases.
Define FEV1 and FVC. Describe how FEV1/FVC ratio is used. Identify different stages of COPD severity based on FEV1 values.

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Description

Test your knowledge on various pathogens, including fungi, viruses, and bacteria, as well as their related immune disorders. This quiz covers topics such as autoimmune conditions, infectious diseases, and anatomical processes. Perfect for medical students and health enthusiasts alike.