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What is the role of bradykinin in the inflammatory process?
What is the role of bradykinin in the inflammatory process?
Which of the following is NOT a mediator derived from mast cells and basophils?
Which of the following is NOT a mediator derived from mast cells and basophils?
In the context of inflammation, what event is primarily initiated by the arachidonic acid pathway?
In the context of inflammation, what event is primarily initiated by the arachidonic acid pathway?
What is the primary effect of mast cell mediators during inflammation?
What is the primary effect of mast cell mediators during inflammation?
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In the absence of an acute insult or allergen, what does the state of chronic inflammation indicate?
In the absence of an acute insult or allergen, what does the state of chronic inflammation indicate?
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What is the primary function of inflammatory mediators in the chronic inflammatory process?
What is the primary function of inflammatory mediators in the chronic inflammatory process?
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Which of the following is an example of a plasma-derived mediator in inflammation?
Which of the following is an example of a plasma-derived mediator in inflammation?
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Which type of collagen is primarily involved in the resolution of chronic inflammation?
Which type of collagen is primarily involved in the resolution of chronic inflammation?
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What is the main difference between acute and chronic inflammation regarding duration?
What is the main difference between acute and chronic inflammation regarding duration?
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Which cells are primarily involved in the release of vasoactive amines during inflammation?
Which cells are primarily involved in the release of vasoactive amines during inflammation?
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What role do kinins play in the inflammatory response?
What role do kinins play in the inflammatory response?
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What is an auxiliary function of platelets in inflammation?
What is an auxiliary function of platelets in inflammation?
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What is a key characteristic of chronic inflammation compared to acute inflammation?
What is a key characteristic of chronic inflammation compared to acute inflammation?
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What is the primary role of plasmin in the inflammatory response?
What is the primary role of plasmin in the inflammatory response?
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Which agents are known to activate mast cells and basophils?
Which agents are known to activate mast cells and basophils?
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What type of pain is primarily associated with mediators released from mast cells and basophils?
What type of pain is primarily associated with mediators released from mast cells and basophils?
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What is a key characteristic of chronic inflammation?
What is a key characteristic of chronic inflammation?
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What effect do leukotrienes have during an inflammatory response?
What effect do leukotrienes have during an inflammatory response?
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What process mediates the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin?
What process mediates the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin?
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What role does histamine play during an inflammatory response?
What role does histamine play during an inflammatory response?
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Which factor primarily triggers the release of pre-formed mediators by mast cells?
Which factor primarily triggers the release of pre-formed mediators by mast cells?
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Which factor initiates the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin?
Which factor initiates the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin?
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What is the result of the slow release of leukotrienes and prostaglandins from mast cells, basophils, and platelets?
What is the result of the slow release of leukotrienes and prostaglandins from mast cells, basophils, and platelets?
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Which of the following responses is associated with the activation of mast cells by immune complexes?
Which of the following responses is associated with the activation of mast cells by immune complexes?
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Which of the following correctly describes the role of inflammatory mediators in chronic inflammation?
Which of the following correctly describes the role of inflammatory mediators in chronic inflammation?
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Which mediators are primarily responsible for causing poorly localised, dull, aching inflammatory pain?
Which mediators are primarily responsible for causing poorly localised, dull, aching inflammatory pain?
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What primary role do cytokines play in the context of chronic inflammation?
What primary role do cytokines play in the context of chronic inflammation?
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What is a key distinction between acute and chronic inflammation?
What is a key distinction between acute and chronic inflammation?
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Which peptide is classified as a powerful vasoactive agent involved in venous dilation?
Which peptide is classified as a powerful vasoactive agent involved in venous dilation?
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Which class of mediators is primarily responsible for recruiting immune cells to the site of injury?
Which class of mediators is primarily responsible for recruiting immune cells to the site of injury?
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Which of the following statements best describes kinins?
Which of the following statements best describes kinins?
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What undesirable effect can result from the persistence of antigens or insults during an immune response?
What undesirable effect can result from the persistence of antigens or insults during an immune response?
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Which process is primarily activated by the breaking down of fibrin in tissues?
Which process is primarily activated by the breaking down of fibrin in tissues?
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Which mediator class includes components such as plasmin, kinin system, and clotting factors?
Which mediator class includes components such as plasmin, kinin system, and clotting factors?
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How do chemokines like CCL3 (MIP1-a) affect the inflammatory response?
How do chemokines like CCL3 (MIP1-a) affect the inflammatory response?
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Which of the following is primarily responsible for the rapid action in the process of extravasation during inflammation?
Which of the following is primarily responsible for the rapid action in the process of extravasation during inflammation?
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What is the relationship between activated plasmin and MMPs in tissue remodeling?
What is the relationship between activated plasmin and MMPs in tissue remodeling?
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Which aspect differentiates plasma-derived inflammatory mediators from cell-derived mediators?
Which aspect differentiates plasma-derived inflammatory mediators from cell-derived mediators?
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In the context of inflammation, what is the primary role of the complement system?
In the context of inflammation, what is the primary role of the complement system?
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What cellular component is involved in the immediate inflammatory response but is not plasma-derived?
What cellular component is involved in the immediate inflammatory response but is not plasma-derived?
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Which of the following is primarily involved in modulating the sequelae of chronic inflammation?
Which of the following is primarily involved in modulating the sequelae of chronic inflammation?
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Study Notes
Mediators of Inflammation
- Tissue injury can be caused by physical, chemical agents, or pathogens.
- Extravasation: Immune cells are recruited to the injury site rapidly.
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Inflammation process:
- Damage triggers mast cells to release histamine.
- Histamine causes blood vessel dilation and leakage.
- Complement proteins attract phagocytes (white blood cells).
- Plasma and phagocytes move from blood vessels into infected tissue.
- Histamine and complement signaling decrease, phagocytes are no longer attracted.
- Phagocytes engulf bacteria and dead cells.
- Growth factors stimulate skin cell division for wound healing.
Mediators of Inflammation - Plasma Derived
- Clotting system
- Kinin system
- Fibrinolytic system (plasmins)
- Complement system
Mediators of Inflammation - Cell Derived
- Auxiliary cells: Basophils, mast cells, platelets, lymphocytes, monocytes, and kinins
- Kinins: Enzymes that cause vasodilation, vascular permeability, and pain.
- Enzymatic proteins: Bradykinin and lysyl-bradykinin (result in production of vasodilators)
- Vasoactive peptide: Venous dilation, increased vascular permeability.
- Activated by Hageman factor (XIIa): Plasmin cascade initiation
- Plasmins: enzymes from damaged tissues activating plasminogen into plasmin, contributing to tissue remodeling and angiogenesis.
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Basophils, Mast cells, platelets: Activated by C3a and C5a (innate) and IgE (adaptive).
- Rapid release of histamine and serotonin (degranulation).
- Slow release of leukotrienes and prostaglandins.
- Activated by antigen-antibody (AB) complexes.
Mediators of Inflammation - Pain
- Mast cells and basophils release mediators (PAF, histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, leukotrienes).
- Act on C fibers leading to poorly localized pain (dull, aching).
Arachidonic Acid Pathway
- Arachidonic acid (AA) is crucial for prostaglandin and leukotriene formation
- Phospholipases release AA from cell membranes.
- Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes convert AA to prostaglandins (PGs):
- PGI2: vasodilation, inhibits platelet aggregation
- TXA2: vasoconstriction, promotes platelet aggregation
- PGD2, PGE2: vasodilation, increased vascular permeability
- Lipoxygenase enzymes convert AA into leukotrienes (LTs):
- Types of leukotrienes (LTA4, LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, LTE4): bronchospasm, increased vascular permeability (inflammation).
- Steroids inhibit the pathway by interfering with phospholipase activity.
Acute and Chronic Inflammation
- If the insult persists, immune cells accumulate.
- Inflammation response becomes dysregulated.
- Repair response is inhibited.
Summary Table (Page 5)
- Table lists the mediators of inflammation, their actions, and associated mechanisms(actions and mediators)
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Description
Explore the key mediators of inflammation in this quiz. Understand the roles of both plasma-derived and cell-derived mediators in the inflammatory response. This quiz covers mechanisms such as histamine release, the clotting system, and the involvement of various immune cells.
