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Questions and Answers
Which of these are examples of cell-derived mediators of inflammation? (Select all that apply)
Which of these are examples of cell-derived mediators of inflammation? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following enzymes is involved in the formation of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid?
Which of the following enzymes is involved in the formation of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the acute phase response? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the acute phase response? (Select all that apply)
What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?
What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of chronic inflammation? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following is a characteristic of chronic inflammation? (Select all that apply)
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Granulomatous inflammation is characterized by the presence of giant cells.
Granulomatous inflammation is characterized by the presence of giant cells.
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Which of the following is NOT a type of inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a type of inflammation?
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What is the main function of the complement system in inflammation?
What is the main function of the complement system in inflammation?
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Which of the following is a key mediator of the inflammatory response? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following is a key mediator of the inflammatory response? (Select all that apply)
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Which of the following is a type of vasoactive amine? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following is a type of vasoactive amine? (Select all that apply)
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What are the roles of neutrophils in inflammation?
What are the roles of neutrophils in inflammation?
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What are the roles of macrophages in inflammation?
What are the roles of macrophages in inflammation?
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What is the difference between classical and alternative activation of macrophages?
What is the difference between classical and alternative activation of macrophages?
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What is the role of eosinophils in inflammation?
What is the role of eosinophils in inflammation?
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What is the role of mast cells in inflammation?
What is the role of mast cells in inflammation?
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Study Notes
Mediators of Inflammation
- Mediators of inflammation are chemical substances responsible for regulating the inflammatory process.
- They can be derived from plasma or cells.
- Plasma-derived mediators are proteins present in the blood, which become active in response to inflammatory stimuli. Primarily produced in the liver. Complement proteins are important examples.
- Cell-derived mediators are largely more important in inflammation. These are produced by cells in response to inflammation and can be preformed or newly synthesized.
- Preformed mediators (e.g., histamine and serotonin) are stored in granules within cells like mast cells.
- Newly synthesized mediators (e.g., arachidonic acid metabolites, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and cytokines) are produced as needed. These are mainly found in mast cells, macrophages, and other cells in tissues.
Chemical Mediators
- Chemical mediators are responsible for the various inflammatory responses.
- Some are preformed, while others are synthesized.
- Arachidonic acid metabolites are derived from cell membrane phospholipids through the action of phospholipases.
- Cyclooxygenase enzymes create prostaglandins, affecting blood vessels (vasodilation, increased permeability), and platelet aggregation.
- Lipoxygenase enzymes create leukotrienes, promoting chemotaxis (movement towards a stimulus) of white blood cells.
Actions of Mediators
- Vasodilation: widening of blood vessels
- Increased vascular permeability: increase in the space between blood vessel walls
- Chemotaxis: attraction of white blood cells to the site of injury
- Pain: activation of pain receptors
- Fever: cytokines (e.g., TNF, IL-1) induce prostaglandin production. Prostaglandins affect the hypothalamus and cause fever.
- Tissue damage: released mediators can damage surrounding tissues.
Types of Inflammation
- Acute inflammation: short-term response to injury or infection, characterized by a rapid influx of immune cells and fluid.
- Chronic inflammation: prolonged response, often characterized by tissue damage and repair.
Inflammatory Cells
- Mast cells: release histamine, contributing to vasodilation and increased permeability.
- Macrophages: phagocytic cells, involved in clearing cellular debris, microbes, and damaged cells.
- Neutrophils: phagocytic immune cells, especially important in acute inflammation.
- Lymphocytes: part of the adaptive immune system, involved in chronic inflammation and immune responses.
- Plasma cells: immune cells that produce antibodies.
Inflammatory Mediators and Their Sources
- Histamine: mast cells
- Prostaglandins and Thromboxanes: cells
- Leukotrienes: cells
- Cytokines (TNF, IL-1, IL-6): macrophages, lymphocytes, and other cells
Complement System
- A set of proteins in the blood that enhance inflammatory responses and contribute to the destruction of pathogens.
- Complement proteins are inactive until activated by an inflammatory stimulus.
- Activated complement proteins promote vasodilation, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis of pathogens; they also participate in the formation of a membrane attack complex to lyse target cells.
Acute-Phase Response
- The systemic effects of inflammation, triggered by cytokines (especially TNF and IL-1).
- Characterized by fever, increased production of acute-phase proteins, and leukocytosis.
- Elevated levels of TNF and other cytokines can lead to circulatory collapse, metabolic disturbances, and other potentially life-threatening consequences; however, controlled acute responses are important and beneficial for dealing with various inflammatory reactions.
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Description
Explore the various mediators of inflammation, detailing their origins and functions. This quiz covers both plasma-derived and cell-derived mediators, highlighting important examples. Test your understanding of how these chemical substances regulate the inflammatory process.
