Macromolecules and Biological Processes Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Polyunsaturated fats have more than one double bond.

True

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of lipids?

  • Always have polar regions making them amphipathic (correct)
  • Biochemically and structurally diverse
  • Soluble in non-polar solvents
  • Mostly hydrocarbon chains containing carbon and hydrogen
  • Hydrophobic

    • What are the three main types of polysaccharides?

  • Glycogen, cellulose, nucleic acids
  • Starch, glycogen, cellulose (correct)
  • Starch, glycogen, lipids
  • Starch, protein, cellulose

    • What is the name of the reaction that involves the removal of water to join molecules together?

    <p>Dehydration synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amino acid + Amino acid = ______ + water

    <p>Dipeptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental chemical group that varies between different amino acids?

    <p>R group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA contains deoxyribose sugar.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RNA contains ribose sugar.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous base pairs with guanine (G) in DNA?

    <p>Cytosine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nitrogenous base is present in RNA but not in DNA?

    <p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA is the genetic material.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecule is water considered?

    <p>Polar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the movement of specific molecules across a cell membrane through protein channels called?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the movement of molecules from an area of high to an area of low concentration called?

    <p>Simple diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane called?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for osmosis?

    <p>A partially permeable membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the products of aerobic cell respiration?

    <p>Carbon dioxide, ATP, and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

    <p>Mitochondrial Matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbohydrates are made in the stroma of the chloroplast.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microscope provides higher resolution?

    <p>Electron microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for magnification?

    <p>Magnification = image size / real size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for actual size?

    <p>Actual size = image size / magnification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for image size?

    <p>Image size = actual size x magnification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mutagen?

    <p>An agent that can permanently change the base sequence of DNA in an organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does enzyme denaturation have?

    <p>It will not perform its biological function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum energy required for a reaction to occur called?

    <p>Activation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of cell respiration?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the active site in enzyme catalysis?

    <p>The specific region on an enzyme where the substrate binds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the final products of the Krebs cycle?

    <p>Carbon dioxide, ATP, and reduced coenzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the final products of anaerobic respiration in yeast?

    <p>Ethanol and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organelle is responsible for providing energy for active transport?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is rubisco?

    <p>An important enzyme involved in the fixation of carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is photolysis?

    <p>The process that generates electrons for use in the light-dependent reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What product of the light-dependent reactions is NOT needed for the light-independent reactions?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon fixation is a process of the light-dependent reactions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation that represents photolysis?

    <p>2H2O + O2 → 4e- + 4H + + photons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the variable that is changed in an experiment?

    <p>Independent variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a theory and a law?

    <p>A theory describes how something works, while a law is a generalization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the eight characteristics of life?

    <p>Cellular organization, reproduction, metabolism, homeostasis, heredity, response to stimuli, growth and development, adaptation through evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a heterotroph?

    <p>An organism that cannot make its own food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are biotic factors?

    <p>Living things</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eukaryotes have 80s ribosomes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four macromolecules?

    <p>Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four monomers?

    <p>Monosaccharides, amino acids, nucleotides, glycerol/fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hydrolysis reaction?

    <p>A covalent bond is broken by adding a molecule of water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a condensation reaction?

    <p>When two molecules bond through the loss of a water molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a monounsaturated fatty acid?

    <p>Fatty acid with one double bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a triglyceride?

    <p>Glycerol and 3 fatty acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 5 pieces of protein structure?

    <p>Central Carbon, R Group, Hydrogen, Amine, Carboxyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many sugars are present in ribose?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which are the nitrogenous bases?

    <p>Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the property of the water molecule?

    <p>Polar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is adhesion?

    <p>An attraction between molecules of different substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the properties of water?

    <p>Cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, less dense as a solid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three parts of the cell theory?

    <ol> <li>All living things are made of cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of life (structure and function). 3. All cells come from cells.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hydrophilic molecule?

    <p>Attracted to water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an amphipathic molecule?

    <p>The head and the 2 tails (the whole thing).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hypertonic solution?

    <p>A solution with a higher salt concentration than in the cells (cells shrink) LESS WATER THAN IN CELL.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an isotonic solution?

    <p>Has equal amounts of solute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is passive transport?

    <p>The movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Passive transport does not require energy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are endocytosis and exocytosis?

    <p>Endo= into the cell (engulf). Exo= out of the cell (excrete).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phases are included in the cell growth in the cell cycle?

    <p>G1, S, G2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phases are included in the cell division part of the cell cycle?

    <p>prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of forming mRNA called?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nitrogenous base in RNA that replaces thymine?

    <p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is attached to the tRNA?

    <p>amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum number of nucleotides needed to code for 210 amino acids?

    <p>630</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are amino acids joined to make polypeptides?

    <p>golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bases are in a codon?

    <p>3 bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond holds amino acids together in a polypeptide chain?

    <p>peptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme adds RNA nucleotides during transcription?

    <p>RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a silent mutation on a protein?

    <p>It has no effect on protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes mutations?

    <p>UV radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the independent variable in a fertilizer experiment?

    <p>Amt of fertilizer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are living things made up of?

    <p>cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the intermolecular forces between water molecules?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the attraction of water to other water particles called?

    <p>Cohesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the monomers of lipids?

    <p>Fatty acids and glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Macromolecules and Biological Processes

    • Lipids: Diverse, hydrophobic molecules primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen chains. Some have polar regions, making them amphipathic.
    • Types of Fats:
      • Saturated Fats: Solid at room temperature, single bonds between carbons.
      • Unsaturated Fats: Liquid at room temperature, containing double bonds between carbons.
      • Polyunsaturated Fats: Unsaturated fats with more than one double bond.
    • Polysaccharides: Long chains formed from glucose molecules. Examples include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
    • Dehydration Synthesis: Reaction that joins molecules by removing water.
    • Dipeptide Formation: Amino acid + amino acid = dipeptide + water.
    • R Group: Distinctive chemical group varying between amino acids within a protein.
    • DNA Sugar: Deoxyribose (a 5-carbon sugar).
    • RNA Sugar: Ribose (a 5-carbon sugar).
    • Nitrogenous Base Pairings (DNA):
      • Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T).
      • Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C).
    • RNA Nitrogenous Base: Uracil (U) replaces Thymine.
    • DNA as Genetic Material: DNA is the genetic material in cells.
    • Water Molecule: Polar molecule with opposite charges at different ends.
    • Water Properties: Cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, less dense as a solid.
    • Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration until equilibrium.
    • Simple Diffusion: Passive movement across a membrane.
    • Facilitated Diffusion: Passive movement across a membrane with the help of transport proteins.
    • Active Transport: Movement of molecules against concentration gradients, requiring energy.
    • Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
    • Osmosis Requirement: Partially permeable membrane.
    • Aerobic Respiration Products: Carbon dioxide, ATP (energy), and water.
    • Krebs Cycle Location: Mitochondrial matrix.
    • Chloroplast Carbohydrate Production: Occurs in the stroma.
    • High Resolution Microscope: Electron microscope.
    • Magnification Formula: Magnification = image size / real size.
    • Actual Size Formula: Actual size = Image size / Magnification.
    • Image Size Formula: Image size = actual size x magnification.
    • Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes: Key difference: Eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus.
    • Mutagen: Agent that changes DNA base sequence permanently.
    • Enzyme Denaturation: Loss of enzyme function due to changes in its structure or shape.
    • Activation Energy: Minimum energy needed for a reaction to occur.
    • Cell Respiration First Stage: Glycolysis.
    • Enzyme Catalysis: The enzyme's active site plays a crucial role in enhancing a reaction.
    • Krebs Cycle End Product: Carbon dioxide, ATP, reduced coenzymes.
    • Anaerobic Respiration in Yeast End Product: Ethanol and carbon dioxide.
    • Active Transport Organelle: Mitochondria.
    • Rubisco: Enzyme crucial in carbon fixation during photosynthesis.
    • Photolysis: Process that prepares electrons for light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
    • Photosynthesis Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
    • Photolysis Equation: 2H2O + O2 → 4e- + 4H+ + photons
    • Independent Variable: Variable being changed in an experiment.
    • Dependent Variable: Variable being measured in an experiment.
    • Theory vs. Law: Theory describes how something works, while a law is a generalization.
    • Characteristics of Life: Cellular organization, reproduction, metabolism, homeostasis, heredity, response to stimuli, growth and development, adaptation through evolution.
    • Heterotroph: Organism that cannot make its own food.
    • Autotroph: Organism that makes its own food.
    • Biotic: Living components.
    • Abiotic: Non-living components.
    • Eukaryotes: Organisms with membrane-bound nuclei and organelles.
    • Membrane-Bound Organelles: Found in eukaryotes.
    • Ribosomes: 80s ribosomes in eukaryotes.
    • Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.
    • Monomers: Monosaccharides, amino acids, nucleotides, glycerol/fatty acids.
    • Hydrolysis: Breaking a bond by adding water.
    • Condensation Reaction: Forming a bond by removing water.
    • Monounsaturated Fatty Acid: One double bond.
    • Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid: More than one double bond.
    • Triglyceride: Glycerol + 3 fatty acids.
    • Protein Structure: Central Carbon, R group, Hydrogen, Amine, Carboxyl.
    • Nucleic Acid Sugars: Ribose, deoxyribose.
    • Nitrogenous Bases: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine.
    • Phospholipids: Primary structure of cell membranes.
    • Cell Theory: All living things are made of cells, cells are the basic units of life, all cells come from pre-existing cells.
    • Hydrophilic: Attracted to water.
    • Hydrophobic: Water fearing.
    • Amphipathic: Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.
    • Cell Cycle Phases: G1, S, G2 (growth). Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (division).
    • mRNA Formation: Transcription.
    • RNA Polymerase: Enzyme that adds RNA nucleotides in transcription.
    • Silent Mutation: No effect on protein.
    • Mutation Cause: UV radiation.
    • Independent Variable Examples: Amount of fertilizer.
    • Basic Cell Structure: Cells
    • Intermolecular forces between water molecules: Hydrogen bonds
    • Peptide Bond: Bonds joining amino acids in polypeptide chains.
    • Monosaccharides: Building blocks of carbohydrates.
    • Protein bond type: Peptide bond.

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    Test your knowledge on macromolecules and the biological processes they are involved in. This quiz covers topics such as lipids, polysaccharides, and the fundamental concepts of dehydration synthesis and peptide formation. Challenge yourself to better understand the building blocks of life!

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