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Questions and Answers

Match the following biomolecules with their properties:

Phospholipids = Non-polar barrier to water Waxes = Long chain fatty acids Steroids = Non-polar hormones Proteins = Polar, non-polar, solubility

Match the following biomolecules with their primary function:

Phospholipids = Form membrane structure Waxes = Provide barrier to water Steroids = Act as hormones Proteins = Catalyze reactions

Match the following protein structures with their examples:

Linear Polypeptides = Insulin, Keratin Globular Proteins = Myoglobin, Spider silk

Match the following amino acid functional groups with their roles/functions:

Carboxyl = Defense against disease Amino = Transport substances Hydroxyl or Sulfhydryl = Catalyze reactions Carbonyl = Regulate cellular processes Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components with their description:

Collagen = Protein that provides structure to connective tissues Hemoglobin = Protein that transports oxygen in the blood Enzymes = Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions Nucleic Acid Subunit = Building block of DNA and RNA Signup and view all the answers

Match the following with their functional groups:

DNA nucleotides = Phosphate + Sugar + Nitrogenous Base RNA Nucleotides = Phosphate + Sugar + Nitrogenous Base Some nitrogenous bases = Have carbonyl and amino groups Some sugars = Have hydroxyl group Signup and view all the answers

Match the following properties with their characteristics:

Polar = Having uneven distribution of charge Non-polar = Having even distribution of charge Solubility = Ability to dissolve in a solvent Types of linkage between molecules = Describes how molecules are connected Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types with their descriptions:

Phosphodiester linkage = Bond between phosphate and sugar in nucleic acids Hydrogen bonds = Weak bonds between nitrogenous bases in DNA Condensation reaction = Process that forms polymers by releasing water Essential for protein synthesis = Role of RNA in making proteins Signup and view all the answers

Match the following roles/functions with their descriptions:

Hereditary information = Transmitting genetic traits from one generation to another Transmit hereditary information from nucleus to cytoplasm = Role of DNA and RNA in genetic expression Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions = Function of enzymes in metabolism Protein synthesis = The process of making proteins in cells Signup and view all the answers

Match the macromolecule with its subunit:

Carbohydrates = Monosaccharides Lipids = Glycerol + 3 fatty acids Proteins = Amino acids Nucleic Acid = Nucleotides Signup and view all the answers

Match the macromolecule with its primary role/function:

Carbohydrates = Energy sources Lipids = Energy storage and insulation Proteins = Enzymes and structural support Nucleic Acid = Genetic information storage Signup and view all the answers

Match the macromolecule with its primary linkage between molecules:

Carbohydrates = Glycosidic Lipids = Ester Proteins = Peptide Nucleic Acid = Phosphodiester Signup and view all the answers

Match the macromolecule with its main functional group:

Carbohydrates = Hydroxyl Lipids = Carboxyl Proteins = Amino Nucleic Acid = Phosphate Signup and view all the answers

Match the macromolecule with its key property:

Carbohydrates = Polar Lipids = Non-polar Proteins = Variable depending on amino acids side chains Nucleic Acid = Negatively charged due to phosphate groups Signup and view all the answers

Match the macromolecule with the type of reaction that forms its polymer:

Carbohydrates = Condensation (dehydration synthesis) Lipids = Esterification Proteins = Peptide bond formation Nucleic Acid = Phosphodiester bond formation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biomolecules and Their Properties

Biomolecules are categorized into four main types: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, each with unique properties.
Carbohydrates primarily serve as energy sources and structural components in cells.
Proteins function as enzymes, hormones, and structural support within organisms, determined by their amino acid sequences and structures.
Lipids are essential for energy storage, cell membrane formation, and signaling molecules.
Nucleic acids carry genetic information; DNA stores it, while RNA plays a role in protein synthesis.

Protein Structures and Examples

Primary structure refers to the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
Secondary structure includes alpha helices and beta sheets formed by hydrogen bonding between backbone atoms.
Tertiary structure represents the overall 3D shape of a protein, determined by interactions between R-groups of amino acids.
Quaternary structure consists of multiple polypeptide chains assembling into a functional protein complex.

Amino Acid Functional Groups

Amino groups (-NH2) play a crucial role in forming peptide bonds and determining amino acid properties.
Carboxyl groups (-COOH) contribute to the acidity and reactivity of amino acids.
Side chains (R-groups) determine the unique characteristics and functions of each amino acid, including polarity and charge.

Components and Their Descriptions

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions, lowering the activation energy required.
Substrates are the reactants that enzymes act upon.
Cofactors are non-protein molecules that assist enzymes in their function.

Functional Groups and Their Roles

Hydroxyl groups (-OH) increase solubility in water and are involved in dehydration and hydrolysis reactions.
Carbonyl groups (C=O) are found in sugars and affect molecular reactivity.
Carboxyl groups (-COOH) illustrate acidic properties in biomolecules.

Properties of Biomolecules

Solubility varies with chemical structure; polar molecules dissolve well in water, while non-polar molecules do not.
Stability impacts the longevity and functionality of biomolecules, influenced by their molecular composition.
Reactivity determines how biomolecules interact with other molecules, critical for metabolic processes.

Types and Descriptions

Macromolecules are large complexes made from smaller subunits known as monomers.
Polymers are formed through dehydration synthesis, linking monomers by covalent bonds.
Monosaccharides, amino acids, nucleotides, and fatty acids are the fundamental building blocks of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, respectively.

Roles/Functions and Descriptions

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions, making them essential for metabolic pathways.
Structural proteins provide support and shape to cells and tissues.
Signaling molecules facilitate communication within and between cells.

Macromolecules and Their Subunits

Carbohydrates are polysaccharides made from monosaccharide units.
Proteins are polymers made from amino acid subunits.
Nucleic acids, like DNA and RNA, are long chains of nucleotides.

Macromolecule Functions

Carbohydrates primarily serve as energy sources.
Proteins are critical for biological functions and structural integrity.
Nucleic acids carry genetic blueprints for heredity and protein synthesis.

Macromolecule Linkages

Glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides to form carbohydrates.
Peptide bonds connect amino acids, forming proteins.
Phosphodiester bonds link nucleotides in nucleic acids.

Main Functional Groups of Macromolecules

Carbohydrates contain hydroxyl (-OH) and carbonyl (C=O) groups.
Proteins contain amino (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) groups.
Nucleic acids feature phosphate (PO4) groups.

Key Properties of Macromolecules

Carbohydrates provide quick energy and are readily digestible.
Proteins exhibit diverse functions based on their structure.
Lipids serve as energy reserves and waterproof barriers.

Polymer Formation Reactions

Dehydration synthesis creates polymers from monomers by releasing water molecules.
Hydrolysis cleaves polymers into monomers, requiring water molecules.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the macromolecules carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Learn about their subunits, functional groups, properties, types of linkages, and roles/functions.

Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acid

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