Learning Disorders of Scholastic Skills
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of children with autism have comorbid mental retardation?

  • 90%
  • 40%
  • 60%
  • 70% (correct)

    • What is the percentage of patients who achieve remission before puberty and early adulthood?

  • 20%
  • 50% (correct)
  • 70%
  • 30%

    • Which of the following is NOT a symptom of autism?

  • Impairment of communication and language
  • Restricted, repetitive and stereotyped behavior
  • Impairment in social interaction
  • Hyperactivity (correct)

    • Which chromosome has been found to contribute to autism?

    <p>Chromosome 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is not a stimulant for the treatment of ADHD?

    <p>Atomoxetine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of language development in children with autism?

    <p>Difficulty with articulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of pervasive developmental disorders?

    <p>Disturbance of social interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common reaction of children with autism to changes in their routine?

    <p>They show excessive reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a subtype of pervasive developmental disorder?

    <p>Autism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with autism?

    <p>Fragile X syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for fine abnormalities found during detailed neurological examination?

    <p>Neurological soft signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of social interaction in children with autism?

    <p>Lack of social smile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the drug of choice for the treatment of ADHD?

    <p>Methylphenidate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication of ADHD in adulthood?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common behavior exhibited by children with autism?

    <p>Hand wringing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a non-pharmacological intervention for ADHD?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of autism?

    <p>Higher pain threshold and intense interest in some sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique skill that some individuals with autism may possess?

    <p>Hyperlexia (early ability to read very well)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for autism?

    <p>Educational interventions along with behavioral therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of Rett's disorder?

    <p>Normal development till the age of 5 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom of Rett's disorder?

    <p>Loss of fine motor skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of children with Rett's disorder have seizures?

    <p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range for normal development in childhood disintegrative disorder?

    <p>Till the age of 2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of medications in the treatment of autism?

    <p>Medications are used to reduce aggressive and self-injurious behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical mental age of an adult with mild mental retardation?

    <p>9-12 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the highest educational achievement of an individual with moderate mental retardation?

    <p>Up to 2nd class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common behavioral problem in individuals with mental retardation?

    <p>Aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common chromosomal cause of mental retardation?

    <p>Down syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the IQ range of an individual classified as an imbecile?

    <p>26-50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of work that an individual with severe mental retardation can perform?

    <p>Simple task-under supervision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Specific Developmental Disorders of Scholastic Skills?

    <p>Significant impairment in one or more of the scholastic skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the area of impairment in Specific Disorder of Arithmetic Skills?

    <p>Arithmetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate Intelligence Quotient (IQ)?

    <p>IQ = Mental age/Chronological age × 100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the category of IQ for a person with Mild Mental Retardation?

    <p>IQ = 50-69</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Dyslexia?

    <p>Significantly impaired reading performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a condition characterized by incomplete development of intellectual functions and adaptive skills?

    <p>Mental Retardation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the category of IQ for a person with Normal Intelligence?

    <p>IQ = 90-109</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a disorder characterized by impairment in reading, writing, and arithmetic skills?

    <p>Mixed Disorders of Scholastic Skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Oppositional Defiant Disorder?

    <p>Persistently negativistic and defiant behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder?

    <p>Conduct Disorder involves serious violations like theft, fire setting, destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for fine abnormalities found during detailed neurological examination?

    <p>Soft signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the category of IQ for a person with Mild Mental Retardation?

    <p>50-70</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Dyslexia?

    <p>Impairment in reading skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a condition characterized by incomplete development of intellectual functions and adaptive skills?

    <p>Mental Retardation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the area of impairment in Specific Disorder of Arithmetic Skills?

    <p>Arithmetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Specific Developmental Disorders of Scholastic Skills?

    <p>Impairment in a specific academic skill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?

    <p>Inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of childhood disorders includes Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?

    <p>Disruptive behavioral disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the corresponding diagnosis to ADHD in ICD-10?

    <p>Hyperkinetic disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common comorbid feature of ADHD?

    <p>Destructive and aggressive behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a disorder characterized by impairment in reading, writing, and arithmetic skills?

    <p>Learning disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders is characterized by a pattern of negative, hostile, and defiant behavior?

    <p>Oppositional defiant disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a condition characterized by incomplete development of intellectual functions and adaptive skills?

    <p>Mental retardation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders is characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates the rights of others?

    <p>Conduct disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) range for a person with Moderate Mental Retardation?

    <p>35-49</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a child with Specific Reading Disorder (Dyslexia)?

    <p>Slowness in reading speed and comprehension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a condition characterized by incomplete development of intellectual functions and adaptive skills?

    <p>Mental Retardation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the category of IQ for a person with Normal Intelligence?

    <p>90-109</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the area of impairment in Specific Disorder of Arithmetic Skills?

    <p>Arithmetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate Intelligence Quotient (IQ)?

    <p>Mental age / Chronological age × 100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Mixed Disorders of Scholastic Skills?

    <p>Impairment in reading, writing, and arithmetic skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the category of IQ for a person with Mild Mental Retardation?

    <p>50-69</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Neurological Examination

    • Neurological examination may reveal soft neurological signs, such as fine abnormalities found during detailed examination, including difficulty in copying age-appropriate figures, performing rapid alternating movements, and right-left discrimination.

    ADHD

    • ADHD has three subtypes: combined presentation, predominantly inattentive presentation, and predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation.
    • Around 50% of patients achieve remission before puberty and early adulthood, while others achieve only partial remission and are at risk of developing substance use disorders, antisocial personality disorder, and mood disorders.
    • Treatment:
      • Pharmacological: CNS stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate) are the first-line drugs, followed by non-stimulant medications (e.g., atomoxetine, clonidine) if stimulants are not effective or contraindicated.
      • Psychosocial interventions: social skill training, psychoeducation for parents, behavioral therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy.

    Pervasive Developmental Disorders (Autism Spectrum Disorder)

    • Characterized by disturbance of social interaction, abnormalities of communication, and restricted behaviors.
    • Subtypes:
      • Autism (Childhood autism, autistic disorder): neurodevelopmental disorder with a strong genetic basis, characterized by impairment in social interaction, communication, and restricted behaviors.
        • Associated with genetic abnormalities, such as chromosome 7, 2, 4, 15, and 19.
        • Frequently comorbid with mental retardation.
      • Rett's disorder (Rett's syndrome): characterized by normal development till the age of 5 months, followed by loss of acquired hand skills, language, and social interaction, and stereotyped hand movements.
      • Childhood disintegrative disorder (Heller's syndrome): characterized by normal development till the age of 2 years, followed by loss of acquired skills and social interaction.

    Learning Disorders (Specific Developmental Disorders of Scholastic Skills)

    • Characterized by significant impairment in one or more of the scholastic skills, out of proportion to the intellectual functioning of the child.
    • Subtypes:
      • Specific reading disorder (Dyslexia): impaired reading performance, with errors in reading, slow reading speed, or difficulty in comprehension.
      • Disorder of written expression (specific spelling disorder): frequent spelling mistakes, errors in grammar and punctuation, and poor hand writing.
      • Specific disorder of arithmetic skills: impairment in arithmetic skills.
      • Mixed disorders of scholastic skills: impairment in reading, writing, and arithmetic skills combined.

    Mental Retardation

    • Characterized by incomplete development of intellectual functions and adaptive skills.
    • Diagnosed if the IQ is less than 70.
    • Categories:
      • Mild mental retardation (IQ 50-69): educable, with some independent living skills.
      • Moderate mental retardation (IQ 35-49): trainable, with some needs for education and support.
      • Severe mental retardation (IQ 20-34): dependent, with needs for attention and supervision.
      • Profound mental retardation (IQ < 20): needs life-long support, with no formal education.
    • Common chromosomal causes: Down syndrome and fragile-X syndrome.
    • Behavioral problems: maladaptive behavior, such as aggression, self-injurious behaviors, and hyperactivity, can be modified using behavioral therapy techniques.

    Autism Spectrum Disorders

    • Between 2-10 years, there is a loss of acquired motor skills, social skills, language skills, and bowel or bladder control.
    • Three core symptoms: impaired communication, impaired social interaction, and repetitive, stereotyped behavior.
    • The course is usually progressive, but some patients may show improvement.
    • Treatment is symptomatic.

    Asperger's Syndrome

    • Characterized by impairment of social interaction and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped behavior.
    • No language delays or disturbances are seen.
    • Treatment is usually supportive.

    Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder

    • Conduct disorder: repetitive and persistent pattern of disregard for rights of others and aggressive behavior.
    • Frequently associated with unsatisfactory family relationships and failure at school.
    • Later on, may develop antisocial personality disorder (dissocial personality disorder).
    • Oppositional defiant disorder: persistently negativistic and defiant behavior, but without serious violations.
    • Management involves family intervention and behavioral therapy, and in some cases, low-dose antipsychotics.

    Child Psychiatric Illness

    • Disorders of childhood and adolescence fall into categories: anxiety disorders, stress-related disorders, mood disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and disruptive behavioral disorders.
    • Schizophrenia is also a category.

    Neurodevelopmental Disorders

    • Affect both mental health and overall development in children.
    • Examples: autism spectrum disorders, Rett syndrome, Fragile X syndrome.

    Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

    • Predominant symptoms: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
    • Inattention: difficulty in giving close attention to details, frequent mistakes, distractibility, and frequent shifting from one activity to another.
    • Hyperactivity and impulsivity: restlessness, excessive talking, and difficulty in waiting for one's turn and interrupting others.
    • Frequently shows destructive and aggressive behavior and is irritable.

    Learning Disorders (Specific Developmental Disorders of Scholastic Skills)

    • Characterized by significant impairment in one or more scholastic skills out of proportion to the intellectual functioning of the child.
    • Subtypes: specific reading disorder (dyslexia), disorder of written expression (specific spelling disorder), specific disorder of arithmetic skills, and mixed disorders of scholastic skills.
    • Associated problems: inattention, hyperactivity, and emotional disturbances.

    Mental Retardation

    • Condition characterized by incomplete development of intellectual functions and adaptive skills.
    • Diagnosed if IQ is less than 70.
    • Category IQ:
      • Normal: 90-109
      • Borderline: 70-89
      • Mild mental retardation: 50-69
      • Moderate mental retardation: 35-49
      • Severe mental retardation: 20-34
      • Profound mental retardation: < 20

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    Description

    This quiz covers specific developmental disorders that affect scholastic skills, such as reading, writing, and arithmetic, despite normal intellectual functioning. Learn about the characteristics and subtypes of these disorders.

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