Kidney Structure and Function Year 1

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What is the main characteristic of the descending limb of the Loop of Henle?

Thicker and permeable to ions

Thicker and impermeable to water

Thinner and permeable to water (correct)

Thinner and impermeable to ions

What type of cells are found in the Macula Densa?

Smooth muscle cells

Epithelial cells

Distal tubule cells acting as chemoreceptors/osmoreceptors (correct)

Juxtaglomerular cells

What is the primary function of the Juxtaglomerular cells?

To produce hormones

To filter blood

To sense arteriolar blood pressure and produce renin (correct)

To regulate blood pressure

What happens to the urine as it moves through the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle?

It becomes more dilute and hypotonic Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle?

To actively transport NaCl out of the tubule and generate a high solute concentration Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the interaction between the Macula Densa and Juxtaglomerular cells?

Regulation of solute concentration and blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the thick part of the ascending limb?

Actively transports NaCl out of the tubule and limits diffusion of other molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Juxta-Glomerular Apparatus?

To regulate blood pressure and solute concentration Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of H2O from urine can be reabsorbed by osmosis?

75% Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates Na+/K+-ATPase in the PCT, loops of Henlé, DCT and collecting tubes?

Angiotensin II Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate volume of urine that the bladder can hold?

500-600 mL Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the medullary collecting tubules?

To reabsorb urea Signup and view all the answers

At what level of fullness does the urge to urinate typically occur?

When the bladder is half full Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the hormone PTH?

Regulation of sodium reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ureters?

To convey urine from the kidney to the bladder Signup and view all the answers

How long can a person with normal bladder function suppress the urge to urinate?

1-2 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the internal urethral sphincter?

To control leakage between voidings Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the ureter is composed of fibrous connective tissue?

Adventitia Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the external urethral sphincter?

To control voluntary constriction of the urethra Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?

To increase water permeability in the DCT and collecting tubules Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of a full bladder?

Pear-shaped Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the mucosa layer of the ureter?

Transitional epithelium and lamina propria Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which urine enters the ureter from the renal pelvis?

Peristaltic waves force urine into the ureter Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the bladder when it is full?

Pear-shaped Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate weight of each kidney?

130-150 g Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate daily urine production in humans?

1.5 L Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of glomerular filtration?

To excrete toxins and waste Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the renal tubules?

To reabsorb water and electrolytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the rate at which the kidneys filter blood?

Glomerular filtration rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the bladder?

To store urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the ureters?

To carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of kidney disease and its impact on dentistry?

Clinical context Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential for oral healthcare practitioners to have an understanding of renal disease processes?

To provide adequate dental treatment to patients with renal disease Signup and view all the answers

What is a pre-requisite for understanding renal disease processes?

A core understanding of normal structure and function of the urinary system Signup and view all the answers

What is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Kidney issues and oral health changes Signup and view all the answers

Why may the consequences of poor oral health be more severe in CKD patients?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What do several studies show about uremic patients?

They have higher rates of decayed, missing, and filled teeth Signup and view all the answers

What may increase the risk for systemic consequences of periodontitis and other oral and dental pathologic conditions in CKD patients?

Immune dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

What is a systemic consequence of periodontitis?