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Questions and Answers
What type of cells in the collecting duct epithelium are involved in secretion of acid and HCO3- transport?
What type of cells in the collecting duct epithelium are involved in secretion of acid and HCO3- transport?
Which type of arterioles branch diffusely as perforating arterioles?
Which type of arterioles branch diffusely as perforating arterioles?
What is the term for the amount of plasma ultra-filtrate formed each minute by the kidneys?
What is the term for the amount of plasma ultra-filtrate formed each minute by the kidneys?
What is the term for the volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed by the kidney in a given amount of time?
What is the term for the volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed by the kidney in a given amount of time?
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What is the process by which the kidney regulates blood flow to the kidneys?
What is the process by which the kidney regulates blood flow to the kidneys?
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What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule in the nephron?
What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule in the nephron?
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What hormone helps regulate tubular reabsorption and secretion?
What hormone helps regulate tubular reabsorption and secretion?
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What is the function of the collecting duct in the nephron?
What is the function of the collecting duct in the nephron?
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What is the primary function of countercurrent multiplication in the kidneys?
What is the primary function of countercurrent multiplication in the kidneys?
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What is the significance of a dipstick in kidney functional tests?
What is the significance of a dipstick in kidney functional tests?
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What is the normal range of serum creatinine?
What is the normal range of serum creatinine?
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What is the primary function of the ureters?
What is the primary function of the ureters?
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What is the micturition reflex?
What is the micturition reflex?
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What is the effect of a lesion of the sacral segments of the spinal cord on the micturition reflex?
What is the effect of a lesion of the sacral segments of the spinal cord on the micturition reflex?
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What is the primary medical condition diagnosed in the 55-year-old woman?
What is the primary medical condition diagnosed in the 55-year-old woman?
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What is the primary function of the kidneys in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis?
What is the primary function of the kidneys in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis?
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What is the term for the inability to control urination, especially in children?
What is the term for the inability to control urination, especially in children?
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What is the purpose of ACE inhibitors like captopril and enalapril?
What is the purpose of ACE inhibitors like captopril and enalapril?
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What is the level of Serum Na+ in the 55-year-old woman?
What is the level of Serum Na+ in the 55-year-old woman?
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What is the expected effect on ECF Volume in the 55-year-old woman?
What is the expected effect on ECF Volume in the 55-year-old woman?
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What is the expected effect on Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activity in the 55-year-old woman?
What is the expected effect on Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activity in the 55-year-old woman?
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What is the expected effect on ANP and BNP levels in the 55-year-old woman?
What is the expected effect on ANP and BNP levels in the 55-year-old woman?
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What is the primary function of hydrogen ions in the body?
What is the primary function of hydrogen ions in the body?
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How do the kidneys handle excessive sodium in the body?
How do the kidneys handle excessive sodium in the body?
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What is the primary function of bicarbonate in the body?
What is the primary function of bicarbonate in the body?
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What is respiratory acidosis?
What is respiratory acidosis?
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What is the normal range of urine pH in a healthy individual?
What is the normal range of urine pH in a healthy individual?
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What is the primary cause of hematuria?
What is the primary cause of hematuria?
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What is the characteristic feature of nephrotic syndrome?
What is the characteristic feature of nephrotic syndrome?
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How do the kidneys handle phosphate ions?
How do the kidneys handle phosphate ions?
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What is a common symptom of Acute nephritis?
What is a common symptom of Acute nephritis?
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What is the name of the disorder characterized by the presence of red-cell casts in the urine?
What is the name of the disorder characterized by the presence of red-cell casts in the urine?
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What is the name of the disease that causes renal system malfunction due to the inability of the body to produce insulin?
What is the name of the disease that causes renal system malfunction due to the inability of the body to produce insulin?
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What is the name of the disorder characterized by the inability of the kidneys to concentrate urine?
What is the name of the disorder characterized by the inability of the kidneys to concentrate urine?
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What is the role of Renin in Clinical Hypertension?
What is the role of Renin in Clinical Hypertension?
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What is the mechanism of action of demeclocycline in patients with inappropriate hypersecretion of vasopressin?
What is the mechanism of action of demeclocycline in patients with inappropriate hypersecretion of vasopressin?
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Why do patients with Diabetes mellitus often experience glucosuria?
Why do patients with Diabetes mellitus often experience glucosuria?
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What is the main mechanism of reabsorption of glucose by the kidneys?
What is the main mechanism of reabsorption of glucose by the kidneys?
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Study Notes
Renal Physiology
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The specialized cells of the collecting duct epithelium involved in secretion of acid and HCO3- transport are intercalated cells.
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The specialized fibroblast-like cells of the kidneys that are the major site of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin synthase (PGES) expression are called cortical fibroblasts.
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The efferent arterioles from cortical glomeruli branch diffusely as cortical radial arteries, while those from juxtamedullary glomeruli branch as long microvascular loops called vasa recta in the medulla.
Glomerular Filtration
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The amount of plasma ultra-filtrate formed each minute by the kidneys is known as the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
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The volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed by the kidney in a given amount of time (usually minutes) is known as renal plasma clearance.
Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion
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Tubular reabsorption is the process by which solutes and water are reabsorbed from the filtrate back into the bloodstream.
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Tubular secretion is the process by which solutes are secreted from the bloodstream into the filtrate.
Production of Dilute and Concentrated Urine
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Dilute urine is formed when the collecting ducts reabsorb more sodium and water, resulting in a decrease in urine osmolality.
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Concentrated urine is formed when the collecting ducts reabsorb less sodium and water, resulting in an increase in urine osmolality.
Kidney Functional Tests
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A dipstick is used to analyze urine for pH, protein, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, and blood.
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Urinalysis is the examination of urine for its physical and chemical properties, which can indicate kidney function and disease.
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Blood tests can be done to evaluate kidney function, including serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels.
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Renal plasma clearance is the volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed by the kidney in a given amount of time.
Urine Transportation, Storage, and Elimination
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The ureters are muscular tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
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The urinary bladder is a muscular sac that stores urine.
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The micturition reflex is the neural mechanism that controls urination.
Role of Kidneys in Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis
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The kidneys regulate electrolyte levels in body fluids, including hydrogen ions, bicarbonate, calcium, phosphate, and magnesium.
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The kidneys handle water and sodium by regulating their reabsorption in the nephrons.
Role of Kidneys in Acid-Base Homeostasis
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The kidneys regulate acid-base balance by reabsorbing or secreting hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions.
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The principal buffers in blood, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid are bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein.
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Respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, and metabolic alkalosis are all conditions that affect acid-base balance.
Clinical and Applied Renal Physiology
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The normal values for 24-hour urine production, specific gravity, osmolality, and pH are 1-2 liters, 1.010-1.030, 50-1000 mOsm/kg, and 4.5-8, respectively.
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Hematuria, proteinuria, glucosuria, and ketonuria are all indicative of kidney disease.
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Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by hypoalbuminemia, proteinuria, dyslipidemia, and salt and water retention, leading to edema.
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Acute nephritis is characterized by hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, and temporary oliguria and uremia.
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Description
Identify the specialized cells and structures involved in kidney function, including acid and HCO3- transport, COX-2 expression, and glomerular blood flow.
