Introduction to Psychology Concepts

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Which scientific goal of psychology focuses on understanding the reasons behind behaviors?

To describe how people behave

To predict behavior under specific conditions

To influence behavior for human welfare

To explain and understand causes of behaviors (correct)

In the scientific method, what is the first step taken by researchers?

Gather information

Test hypothesis

Identify a question of interest (correct)

Analyze data

What is an independent variable in an experiment?

The variable that remains constant

The variable that is observed for patterns

The outcome that is measured

The variable manipulated by the researcher (correct)

Which of the following methods is primarily used in qualitative research?

Naturalistic observation Signup and view all the answers

What does an operational definition provide in research?

A method to define specific terms of study Signup and view all the answers

What type of research focuses on measuring relationships but does not manipulate variables?

Correlational research Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is essential for critical thinking?

Being skeptical Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a goal of psychology?

To understand supernatural phenomena Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Clark Hull's drive theory of motivation?

It suggests that physiological disruptions to homeostasis create drives. Signup and view all the answers

Which description best characterizes intrinsic motivation?

Engagement in an activity for its inherent enjoyment. Signup and view all the answers

How does the expectancy x value theory explain goal-directed behavior?

It combines the strength of expectations with the value of goals. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the concept of homeostasis?

It describes the body's internal equilibrium the body aims to maintain. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a stressor in the context of stress?

It is a stimulus that places demands exceeding an organism's resources. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of developmental psychology?

The study of a human being's characteristics over a lifespan Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of egocentrism?

The inability to view the world from another person's perspective Signup and view all the answers

Which stage in Jean Piaget's model of cognitive development is characterized by logical thinking and the ability to reason about concrete objects?

Concrete Operational Stage Signup and view all the answers

In research ethics, which guideline emphasizes the importance of ensuring that consent is freely given?

Preventing coercion in giving consent Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'fluid intelligence' refer to?

The ability to react promptly in novel situations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between assimilation and accommodation in cognitive development?

Assimilation influences new information, while accommodation influences old understanding Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes inducted reasoning?

Drawing general conclusions from specific instances Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the formal operational stage of cognitive development?

Individuals can apply rules to hypothetical situations Signup and view all the answers

What is self-serving bias primarily characterized by?

Taking credit for successes while blaming external factors for failures Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary result of an impression formed through attribution?

A mental assessment of a person or group Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the readiness to perceive the world in a particular way?

Mental set Signup and view all the answers

What does groupthink refer to in the context of decision making?

Conforming to the majority's opinion without critical evaluation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT a reason why people engage in prosocial behavior?

Fear of rejection Signup and view all the answers

What are the three Cs of hardiness?

Commitment, control, and challenge Signup and view all the answers

Which coping strategy involves minimizing emotional responses to stressors?

Emotion-focused coping Signup and view all the answers

Which personality type is characterized by a sense of time urgency and hostility?

Type A personality Signup and view all the answers

What does coping self-efficacy refer to?

The confidence in performing necessary coping behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is the first aspect of the appraisal process that involves assessing the demands of a situation?

Primary appraisal Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of psychodynamic therapies?

Emphasis on resolving unconscious conflicts Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of free association in psychoanalysis?

To reveal unconscious thoughts Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the general adaptation syndrome is characterized by physiological responses such as increased heart rate and respiration?

Alarm reaction phase Signup and view all the answers

Which stage in the transtheoretical model refers to the active implementation of change?

Action Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is classified as a health-enhancing behavior?

Exercise Signup and view all the answers

What type of support involves immediate assistance during a crisis?

Crisis support Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of the general adaptation syndrome does the body attempt to resist stressors after the initial alarm reaction?

Resistance phase Signup and view all the answers

What type of behaviors leads to the development of illnesses, often referred to as health-compromising behaviors?

Sedentary lifestyle Signup and view all the answers

What are protective factors in relation to managing stress?

Conditions that help individuals cope with stress Signup and view all the answers

What is typically the outcome of prolonged exposure to a stressor during the exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome?

Decreased mental or physical health Signup and view all the answers

Which appraisal process involves evaluating the resources available to cope with stress?

Secondary appraisal Signup and view all the answers