Psychology Overview and Research Methods

<p>Imaginary physical locations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enhances recall when the learning and retrieval contexts match. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Connects the left and right hemispheres for communication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parietal lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of new memories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conversion of stimuli into neural signals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Top-down processing relies on individual expectations; bottom-up relies on stimulus properties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory adaptation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classical conditioning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smallest difference between two sensory inputs that can be detected (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary reinforcement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase the probability of a behavior being repeated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Food and water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extinction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Difficulty in distinguishing between two similar stimuli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>7 items (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observational learning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acquisition of behavior through conditioning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A precise measurement of how a variable is quantified. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experimental group. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One variable increases while the other decreases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The transmission of information down the axon. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Processes and directs behaviors based on incoming information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathetic nervous system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They involve intensive examination of one or a few individuals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selecting participants from the population in a random manner. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To examine the relationships between two or more variables without manipulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To address unconscious needs and motives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systematic desensitization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sudden attacks of terror (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By feeling unable to affect life's events (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biopsychosocial model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recurrent intrusive thoughts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Persistent feelings of sadness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humanistic therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fear that is exaggerated compared to the actual threat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of a strong sense of self and impulsivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Charm combined with deceit and irresponsibility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Communication impairments and repetitive behaviors are common (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Underestimating the impact of personality on behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obedience (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contradiction between two attitudes or between an attitude and behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A belief influencing actions to make that belief come true (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ability to think symbolically and fictionally (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ambivalent attachment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exploring personal identity during adolescence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unconscious wishes that create inner conflict (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Believing that external factors dictate life events (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ambiguous responses to unclear stimuli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A precise description of how a variable will be measured in a study.

A testable statement about the expected relationship between variables.

The variable manipulated by the researcher, assumed to affect the outcome.

The variable measured to assess the effect of the independent variable.

The group in an experiment that receives the special treatment or manipulation.

The group in an experiment that does not receive the special treatment.

A specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; basic unit of the nervous system.

A rapid change in electrical potential across a neuron's membrane.

A relationship where variables change in the same direction (both up or both down).

Study that examines relationships between two or more variables without manipulation.

The brain's ability to change and adapt due to experience.

Connects the left and right brain hemispheres for communication.

The detection of physical stimuli by sense organs.

Converting stimulus input into neural signals.

The minimum stimulus needed for detection.

Organizing information into meaningful units to improve memory.

General knowledge about facts, concepts, and language, independent of personal experiences.

Memories of personal experiences, including time and place.

Knowledge of how to perform skills and habits, like riding a bike or playing the piano.

A memory technique using imagined physical locations to aid in recall.

The tendency for our sensory systems to become less sensitive to a constant level of input. For example, you may initially notice a strong smell, but it fades over time.

The smallest difference that you can notice between two pieces of sensory input. How much louder does something have to be for you to notice the change in volume?

A sense of body position and movement. It tells you where your limbs are relative to each other.

The internal sensory system that helps you maintain balance and perform activities. It's how you know if you're upright or tilted.

A depth cue that can be perceived with only one eye. These provide information about depth and distance using only one eye.

A depth cue that requires both eyes to be perceived. These provide information about depth and distance using both eyes.

A type of learning where actions are learned through their consequences - reinforcement or punishment. Actions with positive consequences are more likely to be repeated.

Learning by association. A neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response, and eventually the neutral stimulus alone triggers the response.

When a stimulus similar, but not identical, to the conditioned stimulus also triggers the conditioned response.

The ability to distinguish between two similar stimuli, one of which is associated with a particular consequence. You can tell the difference even if they look similar.

The root cause of psychological disorders in psychoanalysis, arising from repressed traumatic experiences that create internal struggles.

A therapeutic approach focused on exploring and resolving unconscious conflicts, motivations, and defense mechanisms.

A therapeutic approach that emphasizes self-discovery, personal growth, and achieving one's full potential.

A specific humanistic approach that focuses on creating a safe and accepting environment for clients to explore themselves and achieve self-understanding.

A behavioral therapy technique that gradually exposes clients to anxiety-provoking situations while teaching them relaxation techniques.

A behavioral therapy technique used for OCD, where clients are exposed to their fears and actively prevented from performing their usual compulsions.

A therapeutic approach that helps individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors to improve mental health.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, used for classifying and diagnosing psychological disorders based on specific criteria.

A model explaining the development of psychological disorders, suggesting that both a predisposition (diathesis) and environmental stressors are necessary.

A false belief that is not based in reality, even when evidence contradicts it.

A mental health condition characterized by instability in mood, identity, and impulsive behaviors, often with underlying trauma.

A personality disorder marked by disregard for social norms, deceitfulness, impulsivity, and lack of remorse.

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by challenges with social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors or interests.

A neurodevelopmental disorder marked by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, causing significant impairment in daily function.

The tendency to overestimate dispositional factors (personality) and underestimate situational factors (environment) when explaining others' behavior.

Explaining a behavior or event as a result of internal factors like traits, abilities, or feelings.

Explaining a behavior or event as a result of external factors related to the situation.

Altering one's behavior or opinions to match those of others or to what is expected.

Agreeing to a request or demand, often from a friend or authority figure.

Following orders or instructions given by an authority figure.

The likelihood of helping someone in need decreases when there are more bystanders present.

A generalized belief about a person, event, or object, often negative and based on limited information.

Negative feelings, opinions, and beliefs associated with a stereotype about a particular group.

Unfair treatment based on group membership, often influenced by prejudice and stereotypes.

A belief that influences actions in a way that makes the belief come true.

Substances that can harm prenatal development, causing birth defects or other health problems.

An enduring emotional connection between a child and caregiver, providing security and support.