Social Psychology Concepts Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What does prevention focus generally emphasize?

Promoting personal freedoms

Achieving positive outcomes

Avoiding negative outcomes (correct)

Increasing social interactions

What is the main principle behind psychological reactance theory?

People prefer guidance over independence.

People are indifferent to restrictions on their freedom.

People value free thinking and acting. (correct)

People always conform to social norms.

How do attitudes that are directly relevant affect behavior?

They often contradict actual behavior.

They may have no effect on behavior.

They are usually less impactful than indirect attitudes.

They are better predictors of behavior. (correct)

According to the theory of planned behavior, what factors combine to form intentions?

Attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control Signup and view all the answers

What role does self-presentation play in the attitude-behavior link?

It can mask the influence of attitudes on behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What does entitativity refer to in the context of group dynamics?

The degree to which a collection of people feels like a cohesive group. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'Common Bond' within a group?

The level of interaction and dependence among group members. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main purposes of Uncertainty-Identity Theory?

To reduce negative feelings of uncertainty about oneself and others. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of social identity theory outlines why individuals positively view their groups?

Group identities influence self-definition and self-esteem. Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a factor that helps form 'Common Identity' within groups?

Reciprocal interactions among members. Signup and view all the answers

How does group membership reinforce cultural worldviews according to Uncertainty-Identity Theory?

By affirming shared beliefs as they are embraced by more members. Signup and view all the answers

What role do norms and roles play in group dynamics as per Uncertainty-Identity Theory?

They provide guidelines for behavior and expectations for roles. Signup and view all the answers

What could be considered a powerful group-binding factor as suggested in the content?

Common enemies or threats to the group. Signup and view all the answers

What is in-group bias?

A tendency to favor groups we belong to more than those we don’t Signup and view all the answers

According to social facilitation theory, when does the presence of others typically improve performance?

When the task is a well-practiced simple motor task Signup and view all the answers

What effect does social evaluation generally have on well-learned motor tasks?

It may lead individuals to overthink their actions, impairing performance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method to avoid social loafing?

Increase the size of the group Signup and view all the answers

In the study by Latané et al. (1979), what was measured to determine the effect of group size?

The volume of sound generated by participants Signup and view all the answers

What is social loafing?

A tendency to exert less effort in a group compared to individual performance Signup and view all the answers

What can be a consequence of the threat of social evaluation on an individual's working memory?

It can absorb working memory capacity, reducing cognitive resources for the task Signup and view all the answers

How can maintaining intragroup cohesion affect performance?

It can improve effort and reduce social loafing Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon describes people's tendency to exert less effort in larger groups?

Social loafing Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes social loafing among individuals in a group?

Lack of accountability Signup and view all the answers

What effect did providing participants with identifiable contributions have on the clapping study?

It eliminated the social loafing effect. Signup and view all the answers

How does group polarization manifest among group members after discussion?

It intensifies their initial leanings. Signup and view all the answers

Which theory explains group polarization through the acceptance of new information?

Persuasive arguments theory Signup and view all the answers

What occurs as a result of normative social influence during group discussions?

Conforming to fit in Signup and view all the answers

What is the psychological state described as feeling anonymous and adopting others' behaviors?

Deindividuation Signup and view all the answers

Group members leaning toward a conservative alternative end up adopting what kind of stance after discussion?

An extreme cautious stance Signup and view all the answers

What term describes socially constructed beliefs that justify unequal distributions of resources and power?

Legitimizing Myths Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hierarchy involves groups of equal status coexisting but maintaining separate identities?

Horizontal Hierarchies Signup and view all the answers

What theory suggests that disadvantaged groups might not recognize their lower status due to comparisons with similarly deprived individuals?

Relative Deprivation Theory Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized by a deep sense of unity between personal identity and group identity that motivates collective action?

Identity Fusion Signup and view all the answers

Individuals high in Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) are more likely to support which of the following?

Hierarchical social structures Signup and view all the answers

What psychological motive can lead group members to leave when their needs are threatened?

Need for individual mobility Signup and view all the answers

Under what condition is group membership likely to be rejected due to concerns over safety?

When belonging increases risk of harm Signup and view all the answers

How can reducing uncertainty within a group influence individual behavior?

Causing members to disidentify with the group Signup and view all the answers

What can happen to a person's self-esteem when they do not view their group positively?

It may decrease, prompting them to leave the group Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the consequences of being a target of prejudice?

Mental and physical health deterioration Signup and view all the answers

Why is it difficult for individuals to know if they are targets of prejudice today?

Prejudice has become less overt and more subtle Signup and view all the answers

What effect can self-objectification have on a person's performance?

It can undermine health and performance Signup and view all the answers

What is stereotype threat?

The fear of confirming a negative stereotype Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Social influence: the effect of other people on an individual's beliefs, attitudes, values, or behavior.
Social learning: the capacity to learn from observing others.
Self-efficacy: believing you can do something can motivate social behavior.
Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura): individuals can be encouraged or discouraged to engage in behaviors depending on the consequences. Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation are crucial for learning.
Chameleon Effect: unconsciously mimicking others' nonverbal behaviors.
Focus Theory of Normative Conduct (Robert Cialdini): emphasizes the importance of salience in enhancing norm influence.
Injunctive norm: a belief about which behaviors are generally approved of or disapproved in a culture.
Descriptive norm: a belief about what most people typically do.
Dynamic norms: norms about how behavior is changing.
Social Contagion: the spread of ideas, feelings, and behaviors among people.
Mass Psychogenic Illness: a phenomenon where multiple individuals develop physical symptoms with no apparent physical cause.

Stanford Prison Experiment: Philip Zimbardo's study where participants assigned to roles (guards or prisoners) showed how social roles can significantly influence behavior.
Ethical implications: raising concerns over participant welfare and informed consent in studies.

Informational and Conformity

Sherif's "autokinetic effect" studies: investigated informational influence and conformity in perceptions of movement.
Conformity: the phenomenon where an individual alters beliefs, attitudes, or behavior to align with a majority.
Informational influence: using others as sources of information about the world.
Minority influence: how dissenters (numerical minorities) can change attitudes despite social rejection.
Factors that increase minority influence: consistency, confidence, and flexibility.

Factors That Increase Minority Influence

Conversion Theory: the idea that people are influenced by minority positions due to their attention-grabbing distinctiveness.
Minority Slowness Effect: minorites take longer to express opinions.

Influence Techniques

Foot-in-the-door effect: complying with a small request makes compliance with a larger request more likely.
Door-in-the-face effect: after being refused a large request, people are more likely to comply with a smaller request.
Norm for social commitment: sticking to a public agreement even when circumstances change.
Lowballing: after agreeing to an offer, people find it harder to break the commitment even if the cost changes.
Social Proof: conforming to what we perceive respected others think or do.

Elaboration Likelihood Model

persuasion can be influenced through a central or peripheral route. - Central route: carefully evaluating arguments. - Peripheral route: influenced by surface-level cues.

Persuasion and Attitudes

Attractiveness: communicators can be persuasive when they're attractive.
Primacy effect: initial information heavily influences attitudes.
Recency effect: recently encountered information influences attitudes.
Mere exposure effect: positive attitudes formed from repeated exposure.
Balance theory: people are motivated to maintain consistency among thoughts and form attitudes.
Need for cognition: differences in people's need to think critically.
Promotion focus: desire to achieve positive outcomes.
Prevention focus: desire to avoid negative outcomes.
Psychological reactance theory: people value freedom and resist attempts to restrict it.
Inoculation: building resistance to persuasion by exposing people to weaker arguments first.

Attitude-Behavior Link

attitudes don't always predict behaviors.
relevant attitudes better predict behaviors.
self-presentation can mask attitude effects.

Social loafing: a tendency to exert less effort when part of a group.
Individual efforts less noticeable in collective situations.

Group Polarization

Group polarization: a tendency for group discussions to strengthen initial attitudes, leading to more extreme viewpoints.

Groupthink

Groupthink: flawed group decision-making due to a strong desire to maintain group harmony, hindering critical analysis.
Preventing Groupthink: encouraging diversity of opinions, allowing dissent, focusing on achieving the best outcome, and having a neutral perspective.

Group-Based Hierarchies

Social dominance theory: dominance hierarchies exist in many societies and people tend to endorse beliefs that legitimize such hierarchies.
Social identity threat: feeling one's group doesn't belong in a domain.
Stereotype threat: fear of confirming a negative stereotype.
System justification theory: negative stereotypes can justify existing social hierarchies.

Prejudice

Prejudice harmful effects: negative consequences on mental and physical health.

Stereotypes

Stereotypes: can lead to targets acting stereotypically and undermining health/performance.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in social psychology, including prevention focus, psychological reactance, and identity theories. This quiz also explores group dynamics and the significance of norms and roles in forming group memberships. Challenge yourself and deepen your understanding of how attitudes and behaviors are interconnected.