Introduction to Pharmaceutical Chemistry
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Questions and Answers

What are the two main approaches to treating diseases?

Surgical and medical approaches.

How does penicillin exemplify the impact of therapeutic drugs?

Penicillin has reduced bacterial meningitis to a treatable disease.

Define a 'drug molecule' based on the content provided.

A drug molecule contains one or more functional groups arranged in a specific 3D configuration that binds to a receptor.

What is the significance of salbutamol sulfate in treating asthma?

<p>100 µg of salbutamol sulfate can relieve an asthma attack.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary characteristics that a drug molecule must possess?

<p>It must bind specifically to a target receptor and promote a beneficial biological response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the treatment for a myocardial infarction mentioned in the content.

<p>8-10 mg of morphine is used to treat myocardial infarction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantages does the medical approach have over surgical methods?

<p>The medical approach can reach a larger number of people in a shorter timeframe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does a defined 3D structure play in a drug molecule's function?

<p>It enables the molecule to bind specifically to a receptor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of a rigid framework in drug design?

<p>It reduces flexibility and prevents binding to secondary targets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In organic chemistry, which elements are primarily studied?

<p>Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and halides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular formula for palytoxin?

<p>C128H221N3O54.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between structural isomers and functional groups.

<p>Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements, while functional groups are parts of a molecule that participate in chemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of two structurally similar isomers.

<p>Ethanol and dimethyl ether.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'hydrocarbon framework' refer to in organic chemistry?

<p>It refers to the arrangement of carbon and hydrogen atoms in a molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of functional groups in organic molecules?

<p>They determine the chemical reactivity and properties of the molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much palytoxin is lethal for a 70 kg person?

<p>10.5 μg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the structural difference between ethanol and dimethyl ether.

<p>Ethanol has an -OH (hydroxyl) group, while dimethyl ether has an oxygen atom connected to two methyl groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the type of isomers that have the same molecular formula but different connectivity of atoms.

<p>Structural isomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the systematic name and molecular formula for 4,4,4-Trimethyl-1-butene?

<p>The systematic name is 4,4,4-Trimethyl-1-butene and the molecular formula is C7H14.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name and abbreviation of a carbon chain with 5 carbon atoms?

<p>Pentyl, -C5H11</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the trivial name for the compound with the molecular formula C3H6O.

<p>The trivial name for C3H6O is acetone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the significant molecular fragments represented by 'Ph' and 'Bn'?

<p>'Ph' represents phenyl and 'Bn' represents benzyl.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of wedges and dashes in 3D representations of molecules.

<p>Wedges indicate bonds coming out of the plane of the paper, while dashes suggest bonds going behind it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provide the line-segment diagram notation for ethyl bromide (EtBr).

<p>The line-segment diagram for EtBr consists of a line representing the ethyl group (C2H5) connected to a Br atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the functional group present in the amino acid Leucine.

<p>Leucine contains an amine (NH2) and a carboxylic acid (COOH) functional group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the systematic name and molecular formula for the compound known as 'ethyl acetate'?

<p>The systematic name is ethyl ethanoate and the molecular formula is C4H8O2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prefix used for carbon rings, and what distinguishes their structure?

<p>The prefix is 'cyclo', and they have a non-planar structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the correct abbreviation for a terminal carbon chain with 3 carbon atoms.

<p>Pr (Propyl), -CH2CH2CH3</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between 'n-' and 'N-' prefixes in organic chemistry?

<p>'n-' indicates a normal chain, while 'N-' refers to nitrogen functionality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between the terms 'iso-' and 'sec-' in organic nomenclature.

<p>'Iso-' refers to isomeric forms typically with branched chains, while 'sec-' denotes secondary alcohols.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical structure of n-Butanol?

<p>n-Butanol is -CH2CH2CH2OH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many total hydrogen atoms are present in a decyl group?

<p>Decyl group has 21 hydrogen atoms, represented as -C10H21.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the abbreviation 'Bu' stand for in carbon chains?

<p>'Bu' stands for Butyl, which corresponds to a 4-carbon chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two distinct conformations of cyclohexane and how do they differ?

<p>The two distinct conformations of cyclohexane are the chair and boat shapes. The chair conformation is more stable due to minimized steric strain compared to the boat conformation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the functional group in alcohols and provide its general formula.

<p>The functional group in alcohols is the hydroxyl group (-OH). Its general formula is R-OH, where R represents an alkyl group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What suffix is used to denote ketones in systematic nomenclature?

<p>The suffix used to denote ketones is -one.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how branched compounds are named systematically.

<p>Branched compounds are named as alkyl derivatives of the longest straight chain in the molecule, with the straight chain numbered to give the smallest carbon numbers to branches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in functional groups between alkenes and alkynes?

<p>Alkenes contain a C=C double bond, while alkynes contain a C≡C triple bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the general structure of carboxylic acids.

<p>Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl group (-COOH), with the general structure R-CO2H.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prefix indicates the presence of one carbon atom in organic nomenclature?

<p>The prefix indicating the presence of one carbon atom is 'meth-'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of compounds do alkyl halides represent and how are they generally formulated?

<p>Alkyl halides represent compounds that contain a halide group (-X) bonded to an alkyl group, generally formulated as R-X.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key feature of ethers and how are they typically recognized?

<p>Ethers contain an alkoxy group (-O-) linking two alkyl groups and are typically recognized in the format R1-O-R2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the term 'nitrile' and its common representation in organic chemistry.

<p>Nitriles are compounds that contain a cyano group (C≡N) and are commonly represented as R-CN.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Pharmaceutical Chemistry

  • The course PF1009 - Introduction to Pharmaceutical Chemistry is taught by Dr. Tim O'Sullivan.
  • The course covers various topics, including Nomenclature, Carbonyls, Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Acid Chlorides/Anhydrides, Amides, Aromatics, Epoxides, Amines.
  • Lectures take place every Wednesday from 3-4 pm in LG52.
  • The course utilizes three textbooks:
    • Organic Chemistry – J. McMurry
    • Beginning Organic Chemistry : Workbook 2 – G.L. Patrick
    • (An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry – G.L. Patrick)
    • Partial notes are available on Canvas.

Treatment of Disease

  • There are two primary approaches to treating disease: surgical and medical.
  • Surgical approaches are labor-intensive, time-demanding, and limited to a smaller number of individuals, primarily in wealthy nations.
  • Medical approaches utilize drug molecules, can treat a larger number of people, have shorter timeframes, and are employed in both developed and developing countries.

Impact of Therapeutic Drugs

  • Therapeutic drugs have a significant impact, second only to public health measures in their contribution to improving health outcomes.
  • Examples of drug impact:
    • Penicillin transformed bacterial meningitis from a deadly disease to a treatable one.
    • Salbutamol sulfate (100 µg) effectively alleviates asthma attacks.
    • Lorazepam (2 mg intravenously) halts life-threatening seizures (status epilepticus).
    • Morphine (8-10 mg) aids in treating myocardial infarction.

Drug Molecules

  • Drug molecules consist of one or more functional groups arranged in a defined three-dimensional space on a structural framework.
  • This specific arrangement allows the molecule to bind to a receptor, promoting a beneficial biological response.
  • By minimizing binding to untargeted receptors, drug molecules minimize toxicity.
  • A rigid framework reduces flexibility, preventing binding to secondary targets.
  • Drug molecules must be stable enough to endure the journey from administration to interaction with the receptor.

Aspirin

  • Aspirin is a common drug known chemically as acetylsalicylic acid.

Organic Chemistry

  • Organic chemistry focuses on the study of the structures, synthesis, and reactions of carbon-containing compounds.
  • It's often referred to as "the chemistry of life."
  • Focus is on elements C, H, N, O, P, S, X (Halides).

Understanding Organic Structures

  • Palytoxin is a potent and deadly compound.
  • It takes as little as 10.5 μg to kill a 70 kg person (1 grain of sand equals roughly 2mg).
  • Its chemical formula is C128H221N3O54.

Molecular, Structural, & Empirical Formulae

  • Molecular formula: Shows the actual number of atoms of each element in one molecule (e.g., C6H14O2).
  • Structural formula: Shows arrangement of atoms in a molecule (e.g., showing single, double, or triple bonds).
  • Empirical formula: Shows the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms present in a molecule (e.g., C3H7O).

Isomers

  • Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas.
  • Examples of structural isomers with the formula C2H6O include ethanol and dimethyl ether.

Hydrocarbon Framework

  • Hydrocarbons form the backbone of many organic compounds.
  • Chains: A straight chain (e.g., n-butane) or a branched chain (e.g., isobutane).
  • Rings: Cyclic structures (e.g., cyclohexane).
  • Combinations: Molecules can have both chains and rings.

Functional Groups

  • A Functional Group is a specific group of atoms within a molecule responsible for the molecule's chemical reactivity and properties.
  • Examples include:
    • Alkanes: No functional groups, denoted by the suffix '-ane'
    • Alkenes: Contain a C=C double bond, denoted by the suffix '-ene'
    • Alkynes: Contain a C≡C triple bond, denoted by the suffix '-yne'
    • Alcohols: Contain a hydroxyl (-OH) group, denoted by the suffix '-ol'
    • Ethers: Contain an alkoxy (-OR) group, denoted by the name 'X Y ether'
    • Amines: Contain an amino (-NH2) group, denoted by the suffix '-amine' or 'amino-'
    • Alkyl Halides: Contain a halide (-F, -Cl, -Br, -I) group, denoted by the prefix 'halo-' or '-halide'
    • Aldehydes: Contain a carbonyl (C=O) group at the end of a chain, denoted by the suffix '-al'
    • Ketones: Contain a carbonyl (C=O) group within a chain, denoted by the suffix '-one'
    • Carboxylic acids: Contain a carboxyl (-CO2H) group, denoted by the suffix '-oic acid'
    • Esters: Contain a carboxyl group with an extra alkyl (CO2R), denoted by the suffix '-ate'
    • Nitriles or Cyanides: Contain a cyano or nitrile (CN) group, denoted by the prefix 'cyano-' or '-nitrile'

Systematic Nomenclature

  • The IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) established a set of rules for systematically naming organic compounds.
  • The suffix of the name indicates the functional group, e.g., '-ane' for alkane, '-ol' for alcohol.
  • The prefix indicates the number of carbon atoms, e.g., 'meth-' (1), 'eth-' (2).

Branched Compounds

  • Branched compounds are named as alkyl derivatives of the longest straight chain in the molecule.
  • The length of the longest chain provides the parent name (e.g., butane).
  • The straight chain is numbered from the end that produces the smaller numbers for the carbon atoms where branches occur.
  • Hyphens separate numbers from names and prefixes.
  • Numbers are used for functional groups that are not at a terminal carbon.

Trivial Names

  • Some compounds are more commonly known by their trivial names.
  • Examples:
    • Acetone (propanone)
    • Acetic acid (ethanoic acid)
    • Ethyl ethanoate (ethyl acetate)
    • Toluene (methylbenzene)
    • Pyridine
    • Phenol

Important Molecular Fragments

  • Specific molecular fragments are important for understanding chemical reactions and structures.
  • Examples:
    • Phenyl (Ph): C6H5-
    • Benzyl (Bn): C6H5CH2-
    • PhOMe (methoxybenzene)
    • BnBr (bromomethylbenzene)
    • (O) (carbonyl)
    • (O) (carbonyl)

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Introduction to Pharmaceutical Chemistry PF1009 Lecture Notes PDF

Description

This quiz covers key concepts from the PF1009 course, including nomenclature, carbonyls, and various functional groups in organic chemistry relevant to pharmaceutical applications. It aims to assess understanding of both chemical principles and their application in the treatment of diseases. Prepare to demonstrate your knowledge of medicinal chemistry and organic reactions.

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