Introduction to Pharmaceutical Chemistry
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Introduction to Pharmaceutical Chemistry

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Questions and Answers

Which approach to disease treatment is characterized by a limited number of individuals and high resource demand?

  • Preventive
  • Surgical (correct)
  • Symptomatic
  • Medical

    • Which statement accurately describes the role of a drug molecule?

  • It consists of multiple structural frameworks with no defined functional groups.
  • It has a defined 3D arrangement enabling specific receptor binding. (correct)
  • It must contain more than three functional groups to be effective.
  • It promotes binding to both target and untargeted receptors to enhance efficacy.

    • What was the significance of penicillin in the treatment of diseases?

  • It turned bacterial meningitis into a treatable disease. (correct)
  • It is effective only in viral infections.
  • It is obsolete in modern medicine.
  • It was primarily used in surgical procedures.

    • Which of the following best describes the administration of lorazepam in treatment?

    <p>2 mg is used to stop life-threatening seizures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the impact of therapeutic drugs compared to other public health measures?

    <p>They are second only to public health measures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific biological response is facilitated by a drug molecule's binding to receptors?

    <p>A beneficial biological response that is targeted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dose of morphine is commonly used to treat myocardial infarction?

    <p>8-10 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which countries is the medical approach to treatment typically utilized?

    <p>Both developed and developing countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When numbering the carbon chain for nomenclature, what is the primary objective to achieve the correct IUPAC name?

    <p>Number carbon atoms from the end that gives the lowest set of numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes how to treat multiple substituents when determining their positions in nomenclature?

    <p>Ignore prefixes like di, tri, or tetra when alphabetizing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if two different sets of carbon numbers from chain numbering are equal?

    <p>Number from the end that gives the first substituent the lowest number alphabetically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To derive the correct IUPAC name for a compound, which groups are identified only as prefixes?

    <p>Halogens in substitutive nomenclature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is generally assumed about the position of functional groups in carbon chain nomenclature?

    <p>Functional groups are assumed to be terminal unless otherwise specified</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct name for a carbon chain containing six carbon atoms?

    <p>Hexane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which abbreviation is appropriate for a terminal carbon chain of two carbon atoms?

    <p>Et</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents the structure of secondary butanol?

    <p>sec-BuOH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prefix is used for rings of carbon atoms?

    <p>cyclo-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term correctly describes a terminal carbon chain with eight carbon atoms?

    <p>Octane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct structure representation of isobutanol?

    <p>i-BuOH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of carbon atom chain is indicated by 't-'?

    <p>Tertiary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relation expressed as 'n- (normal)' in carbon nomenclature?

    <p>It refers to a straight-chain structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a propyl chain?

    <p>–CH2CH2CH3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these erroneously uses an abbreviation for a terminal carbon chain?

    <p>OctOH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of rigid frameworks in compounds is highlighted?

    <p>They hinder binding to secondary targets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is NOT primarily focused on in organic chemistry?

    <p>Gold (Au)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the formula C128H221N3O54?

    <p>It corresponds to palytoxin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of isomerism is characterized by compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural configurations?

    <p>Structural isomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of hydrocarbons, what distinguishes branched chains from linear chains?

    <p>Branched chains have one or more carbon atoms that are not part of the main chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of a molecule is defined as having the potential to participate in chemical reactions?

    <p>Functional groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of palytoxin contributes to its potency in toxicology?

    <p>Its intricate molecular formula.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about structural isomers is correct?

    <p>They can include both branched and chain hydrocarbons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In organic chemistry, which elements are involved in forming halides?

    <p>Halogens including Cl, Br, I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes functional groups from other molecular components?

    <p>They dictate the chemical reactivity of the molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional group does not contain a carbonyl group?

    <p>Alcohols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What suffix is used for alkynes in systematic nomenclature?

    <p>-yne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In naming branched compounds, which of the following is NOT a correct approach?

    <p>Name the compound based solely on the branches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following functional groups contains a halide group?

    <p>Alkyl halides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the suffix used in systematic nomenclature?

    <p>The presence of a functional group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following functional groups contains an amino group?

    <p>Amines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct prefix for a three-carbon alkane?

    <p>Prop-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional group is characterized by a carboxyl group?

    <p>Carboxylic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT a cyclic compound?

    <p>Hexane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic functional group of an ester?

    <p>R1-CO2R2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Pharmaceutical Chemistry

    • This course, PF1009, is taught by Dr. Tim O'Sullivan
    • Contact information: [email protected], Office 2.05 Cavanagh Building
    • Lectures held Wednesdays 3-4 pm in LG52

    Course Topics

    • Nomenclature
    • Carbonyls
    • Carboxylic Acids
    • Esters
    • Acid Chlorides / Anhydrides
    • Amides
    • Aromatics
    • Alkanes
    • Alkenes
    • Alkynes
    • Alkyl Halides
    • Alcohols
    • Epoxides
    • Amines

    Required Texts

    • Organic Chemistry - J. McMurry
    • Beginning Organic Chemistry : Workbook 2 – G.L. Patrick
    • (An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry – G.L. Patrick )
    • Partial notes available on Canvas

    The Importance of Therapeutic Drugs

    • Primarily used in medical treatments
    • Provide an alternative to surgical interventions
    • Have a far greater reach than surgical treatments
    • Developed and developing countries can benefit from drug treatments
    • They are second only to public health measures in their impact
    • Examples of drug impact:
      • Penicillin treating bacterial meningitis
      • Salbutamol sulfate relieving asthma attacks
      • Lorazepam stopping seizures (status epilepticus)
      • Morphine treating myocardial infarctions

    Drug Molecules

    • Contain one or more functional groups
    • Are arranged in a defined 3D space on a structural framework
    • Bind specifically to a receptor
    • Promote a beneficial biological response
    • Prevent binding to untargeted receptors to minimize toxicity
    • Have a rigid framework that reduces flexibility and prevents secondary binding
    • Can withstand the journey from point of administration to interaction with the receptor

    Organic Chemistry

    • The study of the structures, synthesis, and reactions of carbon-containing compounds
    • Often referred to as "The chemistry of life"
    • Focus on the elements: C, H, N, O, P, S, X (Halides)
    • Palytoxin is an example of a complex organic compound
      • It is the deadliest, naturally occurring compound.
      • Only takes 10.5 μg to kill a 70 Kg person

    Molecular, Structural, and Empirical Formulae

    • These are all representations of chemical compounds
    • Molecular Formula: Shows the total number of atoms of each element in a molecule
      • Example: C6H14O2
    • Structural Formula : Shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
      • Example: Ethane is H3C-CH3
    • Empirical Formula: Shows the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.
      • Example: C3H7O
    • Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas.

    Understanding Organic Structures

    • Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas.
      • Ethanol and dimethyl ether are both C2H6O
    • Ethanol has a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the carbon chain, while dimethyl ether has an oxygen atom attached to two methyl groups (CH3).
    • Other types of isomers:
      • Regioisomers – have different functional groups on the same carbon chain
      • Stereoisomers – have the same functional groups but different spatial arrangements.

    Hydrocarbon Framework

    • Alkanes: Contain only single bonds between carbon atoms (C-C)
      • Example: Methane (CH4)
    • Alkenes: Contain at least one double bond between carbon atoms (C=C)
      • Example: Ethene (C2H4)
    • Alkynes: Contain at least one triple bond between carbon atoms (C≡C)
      • Example: Ethyne (C2H2)
    • Branched chains: Have carbon atoms with more than two bonds, creating a branched structure
      • Example: Isobutane (C4H10)
    • Rings: Carbon atoms form closed rings
      • Example: Cyclohexane (C6H12)
    • Combinations of the above: Often occur in organic molecules

    Functional Groups

    • Part of a molecule with the potential to take part in a chemical reaction or interaction.
      • Leucine is an example of an amino acid with multiple functional groups: NH2, OH, COOH

    Representing 3D Information

    • Wedge lines: Indicate bonds coming out of the plane of paper.
    • Dashed lines: Indicate bonds going behind the plane of paper.

    Names of Carbon Chains

    • Number of Carbon Atoms| Chain Name | Formula | Abbreviation | Alkane Name
    • 1 | Methyl | -CH3 | Me | Methane
    • 2 | Ethyl | -CH2CH3 | Et | Ethane
    • 3 | Propyl | -CH2CH2CH3 | Pr | Propane
    • 4 | Butyl | -(CH2)3CH3 | Bu | Butane
    • 5 | Pentyl | -(CH2)4CH3 | - | Pentane
    • 6 | Hexyl | -(CH2)5CH3 | - | Hexane
    • 7 | Heptyl | -(CH2)6CH3 | - | Heptane
    • 8 | Octyl | -(CH2)7CH3 | - | Octane
    • 9 | Nonyl | -(CH2)8CH3 | - | Nonane
    • 10 | Decyl | -(CH2)9CH3 | -| Decane

    Usage of Abbreviations

    • Can only be used for terminal chains of atoms
    • Example: n-BuOH (normal butanol) is correct, while BuOH is incorrect.

    Branched Chains

    • n- (normal) | Straight chain
      • Example: n-Butanol
    • iso- or i- (isomer): A branched chain with a specific arrangement
      • Example: i-Butanol
    • sec- (secondary): A branched chain with a specific arrangement
      • Example: sec-Butanol
    • tert- or t- (tertiary): A branched chain with a specific arrangement.
      • Example: t-Butanol

    Carbon Rings

    • Cyclic structures of carbon atoms
    • Prefix "cyclo" is used to indicate a ring
    • Commonly have non-planar structures, such as chair or boat conformations
    • Examples:
      • Cyclopropane
      • Cyclobutane
      • Cyclopentane
      • Cyclohexane

    Common Functional Groups

    • Alkanes: Contain no functional groups
      • Suffix: -ane
    • Alkenes: Contain a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C)
      • Suffix: -ene
    • Alkynes: Contain a carbon-carbon triple bond (C≡C)
      • Suffix: -yne
    • Alcohols: Contain a hydroxyl (OH) group
      • Suffix: -ol
    • Ethers: Contain an alkoxy (OR) group
      • Named by the alkyl groups attached to the oxygen, ending with "ether."
    • Amines: Contain an amino (NH2) group
      • Suffix: -amine or amino-

    Common Functional Groups II

    • Alkyl Halides: Contain a halogen (-F, -Cl, -Br, -I) group
      • Prefix: Halo- or -halide
    • Aldehydes: Contain a carbonyl (C=O) group attached to an alkyl and a hydrogen atom.
      • Suffix: -al
    • Ketones: Contain a carbonyl (C=O) group attached to two alkyl groups
      • Suffix: -one
    • Carboxylic Acids: Contain a carboxyl (-CO2H) group
      • Suffix: -oic acid
    • Esters: Contain a carboxyl group with an alkyl group attached to the oxygen
      • Suffix: -ate
    • Nitriles (Cyanides): Contain a cyano (CN) group
      • Prefix: cyano- or -nitrile.

    Systematic Nomenclature I

    • A series of rules set by IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) to name organic compounds
    • The suffix corresponds to the functional group
      • Example: -ane for alkanes, -ol for alcohols
    • The prefix indicates the number of carbon atoms
      • Example: meth- (1), eth- (2), prop- (3), but- (4), pent- (5)

    Systematic Nomenclature II

    • Branched compounds are named as alkyl derivatives of the longest straight chain in the molecule
    • The length of the longest chain provides the parent name
    • Numbering the chain starts from the end that produces the smaller numbers for the branches
    • A hyphen separates numbers from names and prefixes
    • Numbers are used to identify the position of substituents not on terminal carbons.
    • Numbering should start at the end that gives the lowest set of numbers across all substituents, including functional groups.
    • If two possible sets of numbers are equal, choose the numbering that gives the lowest number to the substituent that comes first alphabetically.
    • Substituents are listed in alphabetical order
    • Multiplying prefixes (di, tri, etc.) are ignored when alphabetizing.

    Systematic Nomenclature III (Alkanes)

    • Multiple substituents are indicated by di, tri, tetra, penta, etc.
    • Numbering the chain starts at the end that gives the lowest set of numbers for all substituents
    • If two sets of numbers are equal, choose the numbering that gives the lowest number to the substituent that comes first alphabetically
    • Example:
      • 2,2-dimethylbutane
      • 2,4-dimethylpentane (not 3,4-dimethylpentane)
      • 2,3-dimethylpentane (not 3,4-dimethylpentane)
      • 3-ethyl-2-methylpentane (not 3-ethyl-4-methylpentane)

    Systematic Nomenclature IV

    • FGs present: Number the chain so that the FG gets the lowest number possible
    • Characteristic groups are cited only as prefixes in substitutive nomenclature e.g. halogens.
    • Terminal functional groups are assumed to be on carbon 1, e.g. aldehydes, carboxylic acids, etc.

    Systematic Nomenclature MCQ I

    • Question 1: What is the IUPAC name for:
      • Answer: 2,2-dimethylbutane
    • Question 2: The correct IUPAC name for the following compound is:
      • Answer: 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene

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    Introduction to Pharmaceutical Chemistry PF1009 Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers essential topics from the Introduction to Pharmaceutical Chemistry course, focusing on nomenclature, various functional groups, and the importance of therapeutic drugs. Dive into key concepts and applications of organic chemistry in pharmaceuticals. Review your knowledge before the midterm!

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