Introduction to Innate Immunity
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of the immune system?

  • To enhance physical endurance
  • To protect from infection (correct)
  • To facilitate digestion
  • To regulate blood pressure

    • Which of the following is NOT a function of the immune system?

  • Reproduce new cells (correct)
  • Maintain homeostasis
  • Wound healing
  • Clear dead cells

    • Which two main divisions comprise the immune system?

  • Innate and adaptive (correct)
  • Short-term and long-term
  • Inborn and acquired
  • Peripheral and central

    • Which year in the curriculum focuses on advanced topics in immunopathologies?

    <p>Year 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does innate immunity primarily deal with?

    <p>General environmental threats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one recommended source for further information on immunology?

    <p>Essential Microbiology for Dentistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept will be revisited in Year 1 of the immunology curriculum?

    <p>Key concepts overview</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is associated with innate immunity?

    <p>Immediate response to pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which TLRs dimerize to recognize lipopolysaccharide (LPS)?

    <p>TLR1 and TLR2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is commonly associated with MyD88-dependent TLR4 signaling?

    <p>Production of pro-inflammatory cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transcription factor is associated with MyD88-mediated signaling in TLR4?

    <p>NFκB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a feature of MyD88-independent TLR4 signaling?

    <p>It utilizes MAP kinases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT act as a ligand for TLR4?

    <p>Rhinovirus proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal effect of TNF on muscle and fat tissues?

    <p>Catabolism leading to cachexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interleukin is primarily responsible for inhibiting IL-12 and class II MHC molecules?

    <p>IL-10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IL-12 plays a crucial role in which aspect of immune response?

    <p>Th1 differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathways are activated by the binding of double stranded RNA to TLR3?

    <p>Type I interferon production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells primarily produce IL-6?

    <p>Macrophages and endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemokine receptor is associated with the recruitment of eosinophils and basophils?

    <p>CCR3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cellular response is associated with the activation of N-formylmethionyl peptide receptors?

    <p>Neutrophil and macrophage activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which TLR is specifically responsible for recognizing lipopolysaccharides from Gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>TLR4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of CXCL8 (IL-8)?

    <p>Neutrophil recruitment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which recognition system operates to detect microbial patterns when not present on mammalian cells?

    <p>Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor recognizes viral envelope proteins and dsRNA?

    <p>TLR3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the roles of macrophages in the immune system?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules are known to activate complement in the immune response?

    <p>C-reactive proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    TLR2 is essential for recognizing which of the following types of substances?

    <p>Lipoproteins and lipopeptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which toll-like receptor is specifically associated with recognizing modified lipopolysaccharides?

    <p>TLR4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes innate immunity from adaptive immunity?

    <p>Rapid response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do mast cells play in the immune response?

    <p>They release histamine which increases vascular permeability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following binds to the mannose receptor in the immune system?

    <p>Phosphorylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    C-reactive protein is primarily involved in which mechanism of immune response?

    <p>Opsonization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes eosinophils?

    <p>They release inflammatory molecules and respond to parasites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Toll-like receptors are known to recognize which type of molecular patterns?

    <p>Conserved molecular patterns derived from potentially pathogenic sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sequence correctly describes the process of leukocyte extravasation?

    <p>Cytokine secretion, selectin rolling, increase in integrin affinity, transmigration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which toll-like receptor can recognize both lipopeptides and lipoteichonic acid?

    <p>TLR2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur if the inflammatory response is not well controlled?

    <p>It can damage the host’s tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of basophils in the immune system?

    <p>They participate in immediate hypersensitivity reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major consequence of unregulated inflammation?

    <p>Pathological conditions affecting host tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component primarily assists in the rolling of leukocytes during extravasation?

    <p>Selectins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of mast cells, what does histamine primarily cause?

    <p>Increased smooth muscle contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary roles of cytokines in the inflammatory response?

    <p>To promote the rolling of leukocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do serine proteases in the complement system assist with?

    <p>Activating the lectin pathway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Overview of Innate Immunity

    • Innate immunity is crucial for protection against infections and maintaining homeostasis.
    • It includes the clearance and recycling of dead cells, as well as processes involved in wound healing.

    Structure of the Immune System

    • The immune system has two primary divisions: Innate and Adaptive.
    • Innate immunity is immediate and non-specific, while adaptive immunity develops over time and is highly specific.

    Key Cells in Innate Immunity

    • Mast Cells: Release histamine, increasing vascular permeability, and are involved in allergic responses.
    • Basophils: Circulate in the blood and release histamine, playing a role in parasite defense.
    • Eosinophils: Release inflammatory molecules and are crucial in combating parasitic infections.

    Inflammation

    • A protective mechanism characterized by leukocyte recruitment and plasma protein extravasation at infection sites.
    • Properly regulated inflammation is critical; dysregulation can cause tissue damage and pathology.

    Extravasation Process

    • Involves several steps: cytokine secretion, leukocyte rolling mediated by selectins, integrin affinity increase, endothelial attachment, and finally, transmigration.

    Circulating Effector Proteins

    • Complement Proteins: Play a role in opsonization and inflammation, enhancing the immune response.
    • Cytokines: Signaling molecules produced primarily by macrophages and T cells, mediating diverse biological effects:
      • TNF: Activates endothelial cells, induces fever, promotes apoptosis.
      • IL-1: Involved in inflammation and fever.
      • Type I Interferons: Essential for antiviral defense and increased MHC expression.
      • IL-6, IL-10, IL-15, IL-18, IL-23: Various roles in immune regulation and response.

    Chemokines

    • Scouting proteins that guide leukocyte movement to sites of infection through specific receptors.
    • Examples include:
      • CCL2 (MCP-1): Leucocyte recruitment.
      • CXCL8 (IL-8): Neutrophil recruitment.

    Features of Innate Immune Recognition

    • Recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).
    • Key receptors include:
      • Toll-like Receptors (TLRs): Detect various microbial components.
      • C-type Lectin Receptors (CLRs), Nod-like Receptors (NLRs), RIG-I-like Receptors (RLRs): Different classes for recognizing specific pathogens.

    Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

    • PRRs identify unique structures on pathogens (e.g., LPS from gram-negative bacteria).
    • Engagement leads to activation of innate immune responses, including cytokine production and phagocytosis.

    Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)

    • Recognize conserved molecular patterns from pathogens, enhancing the specificity of immune responses.
    • TLRs activate signaling pathways leading to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines through MyD88 or MyD88-independent pathways.

    Summary of Key Cytokines and Their Functions

    • TNF: Activation of inflammation; fever.
    • IL-1: Promotes inflammation and fever response.
    • IL-6: Stimulates acute-phase protein synthesis.
    • IL-10: Inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
    • IFN-α/β: Activates cells to defend against viral infections.

    These elements form the foundation of innate immunity, playing a critical role in the body's first line of defense against infections and injury.

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    Related Documents

    Innate Immunity An Introduction - Dr Alexander Strachan (2024-25).pptx

    Description

    This quiz introduces the key concepts of innate immunity, providing foundational knowledge for Year 1 students. It consolidates important information from recommended readings, including 'Cellular and Molecular Immunology' and 'Essential Microbiology for Dentistry'. Test your understanding of the principles and components of innate immunity.

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