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Questions and Answers
The ______ immune system is characterized by its ability to adapt and respond specifically to pathogens.
adaptive
The ______ immune system is inborn and generally non-specific in its action.
innate
Gene duplication in the immune system allows for increased ______ of host immunity.
complexity
The skin provides innate immune mechanisms through sebum and sweat containing ______ substances.
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Acute inflammation is characterized by the five cardinal signs, including ______ and redness.
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T Lymphocytes and B Lymphocytes are the primary components of the ______ immune system.
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Monocytes recruited during ______ inflammation differentiate into macrophages.
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Dendritic cells transport antigens to lymphoid cells, serving as a link between ______ and adaptive immunity.
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Immunological ______ allows for a more effective secondary immune response upon re-exposure to the same antigen.
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The innate immune system is thought to have evolved first in ______ life, possibly starting with unicellular organisms.
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Study Notes
Innate and Adaptive Immunity
- Innate immunity is inborn, non-specific, and serves as the first line of defense against pathogens.
- Adaptive immunity is more recent, specific, organized, and involves lymphoid tissues.
- Gene duplication has enhanced the immune system's complexity, resulting in diverse immune molecules.
Innate Immune Mechanisms
- Skin: Produces sebum and sweat containing antimicrobial substances and has microflora to compete with pathogens.
- Gastrointestinal Tract: Small intestinal mucosa has mucus-producing goblet cells and microbial flora that protect against pathogens.
- Respiratory Mucosa: Ciliated epithelial cells move mucus loaded with pathogens out of the airways.
- Urogenital Tract, Mammary Gland, and Ocular Mucosa: Also have protective measures, including antimicrobial substances such as lysozyme and defensins.
Acute and Chronic Inflammation
- Inflammation occurs through both innate and adaptive immunity responding to tissue damage or infection and aims to eliminate pathogens and promote repair.
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Acute Inflammation:
- Initiates within minutes; characterized by pain, swelling, heat, redness, and loss of function.
- Involves neutrophil recruitment through chemotaxis and vasodilation for increased blood flow and permeability, causing edema.
- Alarmins like histamine and cytokines trigger immune responses.
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Chronic Inflammation:
- Begins 24-48 hours after the initial damage; involves recruitment of monocytes that become macrophages.
- Macrophages clear dead neutrophils and necrotic tissue, play a role in tissue repair, and release enzymes for tissue remodeling.
Components of the Adaptive Immune System
- T Lymphocytes: Release cytokines and chemokines that regulate immune responses.
- B Lymphocytes: Differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies.
- Both types reside in lymphoid tissues, including lymph nodes and spleen.
Role of Dendritic Cells
- Act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity by transporting antigens to lymphoid cells.
- Activate antigen-specific T-lymphocytes, which in turn activate B-lymphocytes to mount a stronger immune response at the infection site.
Immune System Regulation
- Essential to regulate the immune response to prevent damage to normal tissues and maintain homeostasis.
Immunological Memory
- After an immune response, the system retains memory for quicker and more effective responses upon re-exposure to the same antigen.
- This principle is foundational for the effectiveness of vaccines.
Evolution of the Immune System
- The innate immune system is considered primitive, possibly originating in unicellular organisms similar to phagocytic cells.
- Historical reliance on innate mechanisms reflects the evolutionary development of immune defense strategies.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of innate and adaptive immunity in this quiz focused on Chapter 1. Learn to distinguish between these two critical immune responses, their characteristics, and their roles in protecting the body. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of the inflammatory response and immune system functionality.
