Immunology Quiz: Innate and Adaptive Immunity
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Immunology Quiz: Innate and Adaptive Immunity

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of innate immunity?

  • Memory B cells (correct)
  • Physical barriers
  • Complement system
  • Phagocytes

    • The process by which T cells learn to distinguish self from non-self antigens in the thymus is called:

  • Thymic education (correct)
  • Adaptive immunity
  • Clonal selection
  • Antigen presentation

    • Which type of immune cell is primarily responsible for antibody production?

  • Macrophages
  • Cytotoxic T cells
  • T helper cells
  • B lymphocytes (correct)

    • What is the main function of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) II molecules?

    <p>To present antigens to CD4+ T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of adaptive immunity?

    <p>Immediate response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutrophils are primarily involved in:

    <p>Phagocytosis of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which lymphocytes capable of responding to a specific antigen proliferate is called:

    <p>Clonal selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of professional antigen-presenting cell?

    <p>Erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of helper T cells is to:

    <p>Activate and regulate other immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of cytotoxic T cells?

    <p>Direct killing of infected or abnormal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ability of the immune system to respond more quickly and effectively to a pathogen it has encountered before is due to:

    <p>Immunological memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?

    <p>Production of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interferons are classified as:

    <p>Cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells does NOT perform phagocytosis?

    <p>Basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The type of immunity obtained during a lifetime is called:

    <p>Acquired immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a recombinant vaccine?

    <p>Hepatitis B vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IgM antibodies are primarily:

    <p>Restricted to the circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocytes differentiate into:

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of IgG antibodies?

    <p>Is the first antibody produced in primary immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of diapedesis refers to:

    <p>White blood cell movement through blood vessel walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the complement system?

    <p>Antibody production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The theory of clonal selection states that:

    <p>Only lymphocytes with receptors specific for an antigen will proliferate upon exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good vaccine?

    <p>Ability to cause disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which macrophages engulf and destroy pathogens is called:

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of antibodies?

    <p>Direct killing of bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary site of T cell maturation is:

    <p>Thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of regulatory T cells?

    <p>Suppression of immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of somatic hypermutation occurs in:

    <p>B cell receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a secondary immune response?

    <p>Primarily IgM production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main function of the spleen in the immune system is:

    <p>Filtration of blood-borne pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of dendritic cells?

    <p>Antibody production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which B cells undergo class switching to produce different antibody isotypes is called:

    <p>Isotype switching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of innate immunity?

    <p>Antigen-specific receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main function of natural killer (NK) cells is:

    <p>Killing of virus-infected and tumor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of hypersensitivity reaction?

    <p>Type V (delayed)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which antigens are broken down into peptides for presentation on MHC molecules is called:

    <p>Antigen processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of autoimmune diseases?

    <p>Enhanced immune response to pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of follicular dendritic cells is:

    <p>Antigen retention and presentation to B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of cytokines?

    <p>Antigen recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which neutrophils release DNA and proteins to form extracellular traps is called:

    <p>NETosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of IgA antibodies?

    <p>Efficiently activates complement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of the thymus in the immune system is:

    <p>T cell maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the complement system?

    <p>Antibody production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which T cells become activated upon encounter with their specific antigen is called:

    <p>Clonal expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of immunological tolerance?

    <p>Enhanced response to self-antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of eosinophils in the immune system is:

    <p>Defense against parasitic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of MHC class I molecules?

    <p>Present exogenous antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which memory B cells rapidly differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells upon re-exposure to an antigen is called:

    <p>Secondary response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the acute phase response?

    <p>Adaptive immune cell activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells is:

    <p>Recognition of lipid antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Innate Immunity

    • Innate immunity is the first line of defense against pathogens.
    • It is non-specific, meaning it does not target specific pathogens.
    • Components of innate immunity:
      • Physical barriers: skin, mucous membranes, cilia
      • Complement system: a group of proteins that can lyse pathogens
      • Phagocytes: cells that engulf and destroy pathogens (neutrophils, macrophages)

    Adaptive Immunity

    • Adaptive immunity is the specific immune response that develops after exposure to a pathogen.
    • It is specific, meaning it targets specific pathogens.
    • Components of adaptive immunity:
      • Lymphocytes: B cells and T cells
      • Antibodies: proteins produced by B cells that bind to and neutralize pathogens
      • Memory: ability to remember past exposures to pathogens and mount a faster and stronger response upon re-exposure

    The Immune System: Cells and Processes

    • T cells mature in the thymus and are responsible for cell-mediated immunity.
    • B cells mature in the bone marrow and are responsible for humoral immunity (antibody production).
    • Thymic education is the process by which T cells learn to distinguish self from non-self antigens.
    • Clonal selection is the process by which lymphocytes capable of responding to a specific antigen proliferate.

    Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

    • MHC I molecules present antigens to CD8+ T cells (cytotoxic T cells).
    • MHC II molecules present antigens to CD4+ T cells (helper T cells).

    Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

    • APCs are cells that present antigens to lymphocytes, activating them.
    • Professional APCs include dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.

    Immune System Cells and Their Functions

    • Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cells and are involved in phagocytosis of pathogens.
    • Macrophages are phagocytic cells that also present antigens to T cells.
    • Dendritic cells are specialized antigen-presenting cells that activate naive T cells.
    • Helper T cells activate and regulate other immune cells, including B cells and cytotoxic T cells.
    • Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected or abnormal cells.
    • Regulatory T cells suppress immune responses to prevent autoimmune reactions.
    • Natural killer (NK) cells kill virus-infected and tumor cells without prior sensitization.
    • Monocytes differentiate into macrophages.

    Antibodies and Their Functions

    • Antibodies are proteins that bind to and neutralize pathogens.
    • IgG is the most abundant antibody in serum, it crosses the placenta and has the longest half-life.
    • IgM is the first antibody produced in a primary immune response.
    • IgA is the most abundant antibody in secretions and provides mucosal immunity.
    • Antibodies can:
      • Neutralize toxins: block the activity of toxins produced by pathogens.
      • Opsonize pathogens: coat pathogens, making them easier for phagocytes to engulf.
      • Activate complement: trigger the complement cascade, which can lyse pathogens.

    Lymphatic System

    • Lymphatic system is a network of vessels and tissues that transports lymph fluid.
    • It is responsible for:
      • Transport of lymph: fluid that circulates throughout the body, collecting waste products and transporting immune cells.
      • Filtration of pathogens: lymph nodes contain lymphocytes that filter pathogens from lymph fluid.
      • Maturation of lymphocytes: lymph nodes and the spleen provide a microenvironment for lymphocyte maturation.

    Cytokines

    • Cytokines are signaling molecules that regulate immune responses.
    • They play a key role in:
      • Cell growth and differentiation: regulating the development and function of immune cells.
      • Regulation of immune responses: modulating the intensity and duration of immune responses.
      • Inflammation: mediating the inflammatory response to infection or injury.

    Immune Responses: Primary and Secondary

    • Primary immune response: first exposure to a pathogen. It is slower and less effective than the secondary response.
    • Secondary immune response: subsequent exposures to the same pathogen. It is faster and more effective due to immunological memory.
    • Immunological memory: allows the immune system to respond more quickly and effectively to pathogens it has encountered before.

    Vaccines and Their Mechanisms

    • Vaccines are biological preparations that provide immunity to a disease.
    • Recombinant vaccines are made using genetically engineered pathogens or their components.

    Hypersensitivity Reactions

    • Hypersensitivity reactions are exaggerated immune responses that can cause tissue damage.
    • There are four types:
      • Type I (immediate): mediated by IgE antibodies, responsible for allergies.
      • Type II (cytotoxic): mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies, responsible for autoimmune diseases.
      • Type III (immune complex): mediated by immune complexes, can lead to tissue damage.
      • Type IV (delayed): mediated by T cells, responsible for contact dermatitis.

    Autoimmune Diseases

    • Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks self-antigens.
    • Characteristics:
      • Loss of self-tolerance: the immune system fails to recognize and tolerate self-antigens.
      • Production of autoantibodies: antibodies that target self-antigens.
      • Tissue damage: immune attack on self-antigens can lead to tissue damage.

    Immune System Processes and Functions

    • Antigen processing: breaking down antigens into peptides for presentation on MHC molecules.
    • Antigen presentation: the process of presenting antigens to lymphocytes.
    • Diapedesis: the process of white blood cell movement through blood vessel walls into tissues.
    • NETosis: the process by which neutrophils release DNA and proteins to form extracellular traps.
    • Somatic hypermutation: a mechanism that increases the diversity of antibodies produced by B cells.
    • Isotype switching: a process that allows B cells to produce different antibody isotypes.
    • Affinity maturation: a process that increases the affinity of antibodies for their antigens.
    • Acute phase response: a rapid, non-specific response to infection or injury.

    Immune System Organs and Their Functions

    • Thymus: primary site of T cell maturation.
    • Spleen: filters blood-borne pathogens, stores platelets, and produces lymphocytes.
    • Lymph nodes: filter lymph fluid, contain lymphocytes, and provide a microenvironment for lymphocyte maturation.

    Immune System Tolerance

    • Immunological tolerance: the ability of the immune system to recognize and tolerate self-antigens.
    • It is crucial for preventing autoimmune diseases.
    • Mechanisms of tolerance:
      • Elimination of self-reactive lymphocytes: self-reactive lymphocytes are eliminated during development.
      • Induction of regulatory T cells: regulatory T cells suppress immune responses to self-antigens.

    Other Immune System Cells and Processes

    • Eosinophils: involved in the defense against parasitic infections.
    • Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells: recognize lipid antigens and play a role in both innate and adaptive immunity.
    • Follicular dendritic cells: retain and present antigens to B cells, promoting antibody production.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the components and functions of innate and adaptive immunity. This quiz covers topics such as physical barriers, lymphocytes, and the complement system. Enhance your understanding of the immune system and its crucial role in defending against pathogens.

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