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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of antigen-presenting cells in the immune system?
Where are antigen-presenting cells primarily located?
What is the significance of antigen presentation in adaptive immunity?
What specific action do antigen-presenting cells trigger in the immune system?
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Which of the following roles is NOT associated with antigen-presenting cells?
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What is the primary function of IgG antibodies?
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Which immunoglobulin is primarily associated with allergies?
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What is the role of phagocytes in the immune response?
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Which immunoglobulin is considered the largest molecule in the immunoglobulin class?
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Which immunoglobulin can provide passive immunity to newborns?
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What is the approximate proportion of total serum immunoglobulin level that IgG represents?
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Which of the following best describes IgD's role in the immune system?
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What happens when a pathogen is trapped inside a phagocyte?
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What is the primary focus of the first session in the immunology workbook?
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Which method is suggested for taking notes while studying immunology?
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What should students be able to do by the end of the immunology session?
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Which systems of immunity are discussed in the learning outcomes?
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What is a recommended way to prepare for the next session on immunology?
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What is the purpose of the links to documents and research articles in the workbook?
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Which component is NOT part of the adaptive immune system?
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Which of the following accurately describes the term immunology?
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What role do mast cells play in immune response?
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From which cells are mast cells derived?
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How do dendritic cells contribute to the immune system?
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What is released by mast cells when activated?
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What types of infections do mast cells defend against?
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What triggers the release of histamine from mast cells?
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Where do mast cells mature before participating in the immune response?
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What is one function of the granules found in mast cells?
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Which type of white blood cell is most abundant in the body?
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What is the primary function of PMNs (polymorphonuclear leukocytes)?
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What do macrophages differentiate from after exiting the bloodstream?
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What type of immune response are neutrophils primarily associated with?
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Which function is primarily associated with macrophages?
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Which cells are categorized as granulocytes?
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What is the role of cytokines released by macrophages?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of PMN?
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Study Notes
An Introduction to Immunology
- This workbook is designed to be used alongside immunology sessions
- You should work through the PowerPoint slides
- The links provided will help you gain knowledge and complete the tasks provided
- You are encouraged to use various methods of note-taking, such as spider diagrams, pictures and tables to help build your Immunology notes
- Ensure work completion and notes are prepared for the next session so that knowledge of the subject matter is consolidated
- By the end of the session, students should be able to:
- Define immunology and recognize the terminology associated with it
- Describe the natural defence systems of the body
- Identify the components and functions of the non-specific (innate) and adaptive (acquired) immune systems
- Differentiate between non-specific (innate) and adaptive (acquired) immunity
- Recognize and list the cells of the non-specific immune system and the adaptive immune system
Immune System Organs & Tissues
- The immune system is made up of specialized organs and tissues that work together to defend against infections and harmful intruders.
- These organs and tissues are responsible for producing and housing the immune cells (white blood cells) that fight pathogens and maintain immunity.
- Some key organs include:
- Bone marrow: The site of blood cell production, including white blood cells that are crucial for immune responses.
- Thymus: A gland responsible for the maturation of T lymphocytes (T cells), which are essential for cell-mediated immunity.
- Lymph nodes: Bean-shaped structures found throughout the lymphatic system that filter lymph fluid and house immune cells for immune responses.
- Spleen: A large organ that filters blood, removes old red blood cells, and stores immune cells, especially white blood cells.
- Lymphatic vessels: A network of vessels that collect and transport lymph fluid, which contains immune cells and other substances.
- These organs work together to ensure effective immune function.
Cells of the Immune System
- Cells of the immune system are crucial for defending the body against pathogens and maintaining immunity.
- These cells are categorized based on their functions and characteristics:
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Phagocytes are responsible for engulfing and destroying pathogens and foreign particles. Examples include:
- Macrophages: Large white blood cells found in various tissues throughout the body, including the liver (Kupffer cells) and connective tissue (Histiocytes).
- Neutrophils: The most common type of white blood cell, mainly responsible for fighting bacterial infections.
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Granulocytes are specialized white blood cells that contain granules filled with chemicals and enzymes that aid in immune responses. Examples include:
- Mast cells: Located at the boundaries between tissues and the external environment, they play a vital role in allergic reactions and host defense against parasites.
- Eosinophils, Basophils: These are also types of granulocytes with specific functions in immune responses.
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Monocytes are white blood cells that circulate in the bloodstream and differentiate into specialized cells like macrophages when they leave the bloodstream.
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Dendritic cells: These cells are the most potent type of antigen-presenting cell, crucial for initiating adaptive immune responses by presenting antigens to T cells.
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Innate vs Adaptive Immunity
- Innate immunity is the first line of defense, providing immediate protection against pathogens. It is nonspecific, meaning it targets a wide range of pathogens without prior exposure.
- Adaptive immunity is a more specialized and targeted immune response that develops over time after exposure to specific pathogens.
Key Points About Immunoglobulins
- Antibodies are proteins produced by B lymphocytes (B cells) that specifically target and bind to antigens.
- IgD is a type of antibody found in low levels in blood. It is crucial for B cell activation and differentiation into antibody-producing cells.
- IgE is found in small amounts in serum and plays a major role in allergic reactions. It binds to mast cells and basophils, causing the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators.
- IgG is the most common antibody in blood and tissue fluid. Its role is to neutralize toxins, opsonize (mark) pathogens for phagocytosis, and provide passive protection to newborns through maternal transfer across the placenta.
- IgM is the largest antibody molecule and is usually the first to appear in a primary immune response. It is short-lived but effective at activating the complement system and neutralizing pathogens.
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Description
This workbook accompanies immunology sessions, guiding students in creating effective notes through various methods. By the end, students will understand key immunological concepts, including innate and adaptive immunity, and recognize important terminology and immune system components.
